Chemistry and Biochemistry

2023-2024 Undergraduate Catalog

In the department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, we prioritize your individual growth and provide a personalized and supportive environment for your academic journey. Our community consists of dedicated faculty, staff, students, and alumni who are committed to delivering excellence in chemical education. By offering a blend of advanced education, impactful research, and community engagement, we equip you with a strong theoretical foundation and practical laboratory skills essential for diverse career paths in industries, forensics, academia, and further studies in chemistry, biochemistry, medicine, veterinary medicine, and dentistry.

Course Offerings

General Overview

To guide you on your academic journey, please refer to the suggested course sequence below, which provides a comprehensive overview and helpful guidance throughout your time in the Chemistry and Biochemistry program. We are committed to empowering you with the knowledge and skills necessary for success in your chosen path within the life sciences.

Chemistry Courses

Subject	Course	Course Title	Credit	Course Type	Course Description
CHEM	101	Food Chemistry	3 cr.	Lecture	Fulfills the Quantitative and Scientific Reasoning requirement in the Bridges Curriculum. It will introduce the concepts of chemistry and biochemistry through food in your daily life. The discussion will include topics focused on cooking, baking, and diet. Students will develop an enhanced understanding of food products available in stores and restaurants. The course will incorporate, lectures, videos, reading, problem-solving and “at-home” experiments. 3 credits. No pre-requisites.
CHEM	103	Chemistry of Beer and Wine	3 cr.	Lecture	Fulfills the Quantitative and Scientific Reasoning requirement in the Bridges Curriculum. This course will introduce the basic concepts of chemistry through the beer and wine making processes. the course will incorporate lectures, videos, readings and problem-solving to understand chemistry through the brewing and winemaking processes. 3 credits. No prerequisites.
CHEM	105	Chemistry at the Crime Scene	3 cr.	Lecture	Fulfills the Quantitative and Scientific Reasoning requirement in the Bridges Curriculum. The course will introduce the basic concepts of chemistry and forensic chemistry through evidence found at a crime scene including, toxicology, arson, fiber analysis, glass, fingerprints, and evidence collection. The course will use lectures, videos and problem-solving assignments. 3 credits. No pre-requisites.
CHEM	107	Chemistry in Today's World	3 cr.	Lecture	Fulfills the Quantitative and Scientific Reasoning requirement in the Bridges Curriculum. The fundamental concepts of structure, bonding, properties, and chemical reactivity are presented through lecture and classroom experimentation. A consideration of consumer chemicals and the role of the chemical industry emphasizes the importance of chemistry and related technologies in our everyday lives. 3 Credits. No pre-requisites.
CHEM	120	Introduction to Chemistry and Chemical Problem Solving	3 cr.	Lecture	This one-semester course provides an introduction to the foundational concepts and language of chemistry. The course is intended for students who would benefit from additional exposure to mathematics and chemistry prior to enrolling in CHEM 121 General Chemistry I. Topics include unit conversions, dimensional analysis, nomenclature, atomic structure, the mole concept, stoichiometry, an introduction to chemical bonding, and fundamental chemical reactions and equations. This course does not meet the Bridges core curriculum requirement in Quantitative and Scientific Reasoning. 3 Credits. Prerequisite: Math 105 or the high school equivalent
CHEM	121	General Chemistry I	4 cr.	Lecture	The first course of a two-semester general chemistry sequence for science and pre-professional students. The fundamental principles and concepts of moles, unit-conversions, stoichiometry, atomic structure, bonding and molecular geometry are discussed. The laboratory portion of this first semester course emphasizes techniques such as gravimetric analysis, pipetting, graphing, performing titrations, and qualitative analysis. The fundamental principles and concepts of chemistry are presented from the standpoint of atomic and molecular structure with illustrative examples from descriptive chemistry. The laboratory portion of the first semester illustrates physical and chemical properties in a quantitative manner, and the laboratory portion of the second semester illustrates the principle of ionic equilibria including quantitative inorganic analysis. Lecture, three hours Prerequisite: CHEM 121: MATH 105 (College Algebra and Trigonometry) or Math SAT greater than 500. Students must register concurrently for CHEM 121R and CHEM 121L.
CHEM	121L	General Chemistry I Lab	1 cr.	Laboratory	This laboratory introduces students to techniques such as gravimetric analysis, pipetting, graphing, performing titrations, and qualitative analysis within the context of the major topics discussed in General Chemistry 121. The students also learn how to record observations in a laboratory notebook and write a scientific style lab report. The lab final is in the form of a hands-on practical. Laboratory, three hours. CHEM 121 must be taken prior to or concurrent with CHEM 121L.
CHEM	121R	General Chemistry I Recitation	0 cr.	Recitation	The fundamental principles and concepts from General Chemistry I Lecture are reinforced in this class through problem solving and active learning. This course must be taken concurrently with Chem 121.
CHEM	122	General Chemistry II	4 cr.	Lecture	The second course of a two-semester general chemistry sequence for science and pre-professional students. The fundamental principles and concepts of colligative properties, intermolecular forces, thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, equilibrium, acids & bases, and electrochemistry are discussed. The laboratory portion of this second semester course illustrates the principles contained in the lecture course, and requires the application of techniques learned in General Chemistry I Lab. Lecture, three hours. Prerequisite: C or better in CHEM 121. Students must register concurrently for CHEM 122R and CHEM 122L.
CHEM	122L	General Chemistry II Lab	1 cr.	Laboratory	This laboratory requires students to apply the techniques they learned in General Chemistry 121 Laboratory within the context of the major topics discussed in General Chemistry 122, and requires the application of techniques learned in General Chemistry I Lab. The students record observations in a laboratory notebook and learn to write a scientific style lab report. The lab final is carrying out a more advanced experiment and writing it up as a formal typed lab report. Laboratory, three hours. Prerequisites: a C or better in CHEM 121L. CHEM 122 must be taken prior to or concurrent with CHEM 122L.
CHEM	122R	General Chemistry II Recitation	0 cr.	Recitation	The fundamental principles and concepts from General Chemistry II Lecture are reinforced in this class through problem solving and active learning. This course must be taken concurrently with Chem 122.
CHEM	131	Fundamentals of Chemistry I	5 cr.	Lecture	This course covers the fundamental principles of inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, and biochemistry in an integrated two semester sequence. The first part of the course deals with basic chemical concepts, including stoichiometry, the periodic table, equilibrium, structure and bonding, and acid-base chemistry. The next part of the course provides a survey of the chemical properties of the principle functional groups of organic chemistry, including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acid and carboxylic acid derivatives. Integrated with this functional group discussion is an introduction to the carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. The latter portion of the course provides a overview of metabolism and emphasizes the roles of enzymes in catalyzing and regulating the various reactions involved in energy transformations in the cell. This course does not serve as a prerequisite for CHEM 211, 212. Lecture, four hours; laboratory, three hours; recitation, two hours. Prerequisite: high school algebra or its equivalent, as evidenced by satisfactory performance on a math placement examination. Corequisite: CHEM 131L.
CHEM	131L	Fundamentals of Chemistry I Lab	0 cr.	Laboratory	The laboratory introduces students to the techniques involved in doing gravimetric, volumetric, and qualitative analyses of unknown samples. They also study chemical bonding and the statistical treatment of data. In addition, they learn how to record observations in a laboratory notebook. Corequisite: CHEM 131.
CHEM	132	Fundamentals of Chemistry II	5 cr.	Lecture	This course covers the fundamental principles of inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, and biochemistry in an integrated two-semester sequence. The first part of the course deals with basic chemical concepts, including stoichiometry, the periodic table, equilibrium, structure and bonding, and acid-base chemistry. The next part of the course provides a survey of the chemical properties of the principle functional groups of organic chemistry, including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acid and carboxylic acid derivatives. Integrated with this functional group discussion is an introduction to the carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. The latter portion of the course provides a an overview of metabolism and emphasizes the roles of enzymes in catalyzing and regulating the various reactions involved in energy transformations in the cell. This course does not serve as a prerequisite for CHEM 211, 212. Lecture, four hours; laboratory, three hours; recitation, two hours. Prerequisite: a C or better in CHEM 131. Corequisite: CHEM 132L.
CHEM	132L	Fundamentals of Chemistry II Lab	0 cr.	Laboratory	This lab exposes students to the basic synthetic and purification techniques used in organic chemistry. It also emphasizes observations of the reactions of the principal organic functional groups as well as those with biological relevance such as amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Corequisite: CHEM 132.
CHEM	150L	Essential Laboratory Techniques	0 cr.	Laboratory	This course provides students with hands-on experience with a select ensemble of laboratory techniques, including the use of titrimetric analysis, acid extraction of metals, and standard curves in quantitative analysis.
CHEM	151	Atomic and Molecular Principles	4 cr.	Lecture	The fundamental principles and concepts of chemistry are presented from a molecular standpoint. The basic concepts of bonding (Lewis, valence bond, and morlecular orbital theories), molecular structure and geometry, intermolecular forces, thermochemistry, periodic element trends, and the gas laws are introduced with relevant chemical, biological and environmental examples. All chemistry and biochemistry majors are required to enroll in this course. Students must register concurrently for CHEM 151L. Lecture, three hours; recitation, three hours.
CHEM	151L	Introduction to Chemistry Laboratory	1 cr.	Laboratory	This laboratory introduces a qualitative analysis lab within the context of the major topics discussed in CHEM 151. Experiments are designed to reinforce topics and principles from CHEM 151. The students also learn how to record observations in a laboratory notebook and write a scientific style lab report. CHEM 151 must be taken prior to or concurrent with CHEM 151L. Laboratory, three hours.
CHEM	152	Quantitative Analysis	4 cr.	Lecture	Fundamental principles and concepts of quantitative chemical analysis are presented. The basic concepts of electrochemistry, statistics, acid-base, and buffer chemistry, thermodynamics, kinetics, and nuclear chemistry will be covered. All chemistry and biochemistry majors are required to enroll in this course. Prerequisite for 152: C or better in CHEM 151 and CHEM 151L or special permission of the instructor. Lecture, three hours; recitation, three hours.
CHEM	152L	Quantitative Analysis Lab	1 cr.	Laboratory	This quantitative laboratory introduces students to quantitation, statistical analysis of data, acid-base titrations, electrochemistry and more. The students will continue to improve their observation and recording in a laboratory notebook and write a scientific style lab report. All chemistry and biochemistry majors are required to enroll in this course. Prerequisites: a C or better in CHEM 151L. CHEM 152 must be taken prior to or concurrent with CHEM 152L. Laboratory, three hours.
CHEM	153	Career Opportunities in the Chemical and Biochemical Sciences	1 cr.	Lecture	This course provides an introduction to the wide variety of career opportunities available to students majoring in chemistry or biochemistry. Students will learn the background information necessary to make informed career decisions. Basic skills such as resume preparation, application processes, effective communication, and interview preparation will be developed. The differences between traditional interviews and behavioral interviews, and how to prepare for them, will be presented. Students will research, present, and discuss career opportunities at the bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral levels. Guest speakers will discuss their career paths and the diversity of both traditional and non-traditional careers available. This course is open to students majoring in chemistry, biochemistry, and environmental chemistry. Course is Pass/Fail.
CHEM	154	Career Opportunities in Chemistry and Biochemistry II	1 cr.	Lecture	This course provides a survey of the diverse career opportunities available to students majoring in chemistry, biochemistry, or environmental chemistry. Students will learn the background information necessary to make informed career decisions. Basic skills including resume preparation, application processes, effective communication, and interview preparation will be developed. Students will explore and discuss career opportunities at all educational levels, while guest speakers will present their career paths and the diversity of both traditional and non-traditional careers available. Students will also continue to develop their understanding and application of safe laboratory practices. This course is open to students majoring in chemistry, biochemistry, and environmental chemistry. Course is Pass/Fail.
CHEM	211	Organic Chemistry I	3 cr.	Lecture	Students are given a firm foundation in the fundamentals of structure and reactivity of organic compounds. Emphasis is on the basic mechanistic principles of the reactions and the strategies used to synthesize organic compounds. The use of NMR and IR spectroscopy to identify organic compounds is also emphasized. Lecture, three hours. Students must register concurrently for CHEM 211L. Prerequisites: CHEM 122 or 152.
CHEM	211L	Organic Chemistry I Lab	1 cr.	Laboratory	This lab exposes students to basic synthetic and purification techniques used in organic chemistry. Both microscale and macroscale equipment are used. The students acquire a knowledge of the various wet methods of qualitative organic analysis and also learn to generate and interpret IR and NMR spectra. Laboratory, three hours. Students must register concurrently for CHEM 211.
CHEM	212	Organic Chemistry II	3 cr.	Lecture	Students are given a firm foundation in the fundamentals of structure and reactivity of organic compounds. Emphasis is placed on the basic mechanistic principles of the reactions and the strategies used to synthesize organic compounds. The use of NMR and IR spectroscopy to identify organic compounds is also emphasized. Lecture, three hours. Students must register concurrently for CHEM 212L. Prerequisite: a C or better in CHEM 211 and CHEM 211L.
CHEM	212L	Organic Chemistry II Lab	1 cr.	Laboratory	This lab exposes students to basic synthetic and purification techniques used in organic chemistry. Both microscale and macroscale equipment are used. The students acquire a knowledge of the various wet methods of qualitative organic analysis and also learn to generate and interpret IR and NMR spectra. Laboratory, three hours. Prerequisites: CHEM 211L. Students must register concurrently for CHEM 212.
CHEM	228	Structure, Mechanism, and Reactions	4 cr.	Lecture	This course is an introduction to the fundamental chemistry of carbon-containing compounds for chemistry and biochemistry majors. Fundamental ideas in chemical properties, covalent bonding, three-dimensional structure, stereochemistry, and acid/base properties of organic molecules are covered in-depth. The intent is to develop essential skills and foster creativity in the writing of reaction mechanisms and functional group transformations involving the major classes of organic compounds from the alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkyl halides, alcohols, and ether families. Prerequisites: C or better in CHEM 152 and CHEM 152L or approval of Department Chair. Students must register concurrently for CHEM 228L.
CHEM	228L	Organic Structures and Properties Laboratory	1 cr.	Laboratory	Laboratory will be used to reinforce the lecture material pertaining to how structure relates to the properties and reactivities of organic compounds. In the first semester students learn the skills and techniques that form the basis for many procedures used in academic, pharmaceutical, and industrial labs. These include thin layer and column chromatography extractions, crystallizations, and fractional distillations. They also learn to perform basic one-step organic syntheses and develop the ability to interpret IR spectra in characterizing their products. CHEM 228 must be taken prior to or concurrent with CHEM 228L.
CHEM	229	Reactions, Synthesis, Spectroscopy	4 cr.	Lecture	This class builds on the principles of CHEM 228 to expose chemistry and biochemistry majors to current trends at the forefront of organic chemistry. The intent is to sharpen mechanistic understanding of chemical transformations, develop an understanding of the reactivity of conjugated and aromatic compounds, cultivate an ability to interpret NMR, IR, and MS spectra to characterize and identify organic compounds, realize the utility of transition metal catalysis, and advance multi-step synthetic sequences. Prerequisites: C or better in CHEM 228 and CHEM 228L. Students must register concurrently for 229L.
CHEM	229L	Organic Synthesis Laboratory	1 cr.	Laboratory	In the second semester, students expand their synthetic skill set, and use NMR and IR to characterize and identify their products. This includes learning how to work in an inert atmosphere. The lab involves a multi-step organic synthesis project, which integrates transitional metal catalysis and organic synthesis. Identification of unknowns is critical to the laboratory experience. This course must be taken concurrently or after CHEM 229. Prerequisite: C or better in CHEM 228L.
CHEM	301	Physical Chemistry for the Life Sciences	4 cr.	Lecture	This one semester course will present the principles of physical chemistry and its their application in the life and forensic sciences. Areas that will be covered include enthalpy, entropy, free energy, chemical and physical equilibria, redox chemistry, kinetics, and spectroscopy. Illustration of how these principles are applied to fundamental problems in the life sciences, forensic sciences, and biochemistry will be made. Lecture, four hours. Prerequisites: CHEM 212 or CHEM 229, MATH 116, PHYS 202 or 212.
CHEM	305L	Advanced Laboratory Skills	1 cr.	Laboratory	Laboratory course designed to provide hands-on experience with modern chemical instrumentation for qualitative and quantitative measurements found throughout all chemical disciplines. Prerequisites: CHEM 152 and 152L and 212 or 229. Corequisite: CHEM 305R.
CHEM	305R	Advanced Laboratory Skills Recitation	0 cr.	Recitation	A recitation for the laboratory course designed to provide hands-on experience with modern chemical instrumentation for qualitative and quantitative measurements found throughout all chemical disciplines. Corequisite: 305L.
CHEM	312	Inorganic Chemistry I	3 cr.	Lecture	A survey of the basic principles required for understanding inorganic chemistry including molecular structure, extended structure, periodic trends, bonding models (including molecular orbital theory), symmetry, group theory, and acid-base chemistry. These principles will be applied mainly to the chemistry of selected main-group elements and their compounds. Selected topics in solid-state chemistry, as well as an introduction to transition metal chemistry, will also be provided. Prerequisites: CHEM 152
CHEM	328	Quantum Chemistry	3 cr.	Lecture	Chemistry 328 is the first part of a two-semester sequence for third‐year chemistry majors. This class provides an understanding of atomic and molecular structure and energy. Course content builds upon basic ideas and concepts in chemistry, physics, and mathematics. Material covered involves the Schrödinger equation, particle in a box, postulates of quantum mechanics, the harmonic oscillator and rigid rotor, the hydrogen atom, approximation methods, and molecular spectroscopy. The class objective is to establish a solid foundation in quantum chemistry to be applied and understood in thermodynamics, kinetics, chemical bonding and molecular spectroscopy. Prerequisites: MATH 215 and PHYS 212. MATH 310 and/or 314 are recommended but not required.
CHEM	329	Thermodynamics	3 cr.	Lecture	Chemistry 329 is the second part of a two-semester sequence for third-year chemistry majors and is a required course for biochemistry majors. This class provides an understanding of classical and statistical thermodynamics. Course content builds upon basic ideas and concepts in chemistry, physics, and mathematics. The material covered involves the First, Second, and Third laws of thermodynamics, gases, entropy, Gibbs energy, physical and chemical equilibria, electrochemistry, and non-electrolyte and electrolyte solutions. The class objective is to establish a solid foundation in thermodynamics to be applied and understood in molecular and bulk materials. The course also includes an introduction to chemical kinetics. Prerequisites: MATH 116 and PHYS 212.
CHEM	340	Instrumental Analysis	3 cr.	Lecture	This course will introduce students to modern instrumental methods of chemical analysis. These methods are used in the separation, identification, and quantification of the chemical components of materials. Prerequisites: CHEM 152/152L, CHEM 212 or 229, PHYS 202 or 212.
CHEM	371R	Forensic Chemistry Laboratory Recitation	0 cr.	Recitation	A recitation for the forensic chemistry laboratory course to discuss work done in the lab, to plan for the upcoming week, and to learn fundamental instrumentation and chemical principles as they apply to forensic methods of analysis. Students must concurrently register for CHEM 371W.
CHEM	371W	Forensic Chemistry Lab	3 cr.	Laboratory	Students will learn the basic techniques used in a forensic laboratory. They will learn microscopy, IR, visible spectroscopy, gas and liquid chromatography, and GC-MS. These techniques will be used to analyze hair, fibers, fingerprints, metal residues, flammable liquids and pharmaceuticals. Laboratory, six hours. Prerequisite: C or better in CHEM 340. CHEM 305L must be taken concurrently, or students must have a C or better in CHEM 305L if taken previously. Students must concurrently register for CHEM 371R.
CHEM	401	General Biochemistry I	3 cr.	Lecture	An introduction to modern biochemistry at the molecular level. The course includes discussion of the structure and function of proteins, the chemical mechanisms and regulation of enzyme catalysis, biomembrane structure and function, the structure and metabolism of carbohydrates, and the bioenergetics metabolism of ATP synthesis and utilization. Lecture, three hours. Prerequisite: CHEM 212.
CHEM	402	General Biochemistry II	3 cr.	Lecture	This course is a continuation of CHEM 401. The course presents an overview of the metabolic transformations of fatty acids and the complex lipids, amino acids and the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. The second half of the course offers a discussion of the molecular basis of genetics, including DNA and RNA metabolism, protein biosynthesis, and an introduction to the biochemical basis of recombinant DNA methodology. Lecture, three hours. Prerequisite: C or better in CHEM 401.
CHEM	412	Inorganic Chemistry II	3 cr.	Lecture	This course heavily draws upon the basic principles of inorganic chemistry and applies them primarily to transition metal chemistry, as well as select main-group elements. Topics include, coordination compounds, ligand field theory, and inorganic reaction mechanisms. An introduction to lanthanide and actinide chemistry, as well as nanomaterials will also be provided. Prerequisites: CHEM 312
CHEM	419	Advanced Biochemistry I	3 cr.	Lecture	The course focuses on a molecular-level understanding of the processes that drive cellular metabolism. By focusing on the macromolecular structure of proteins, students will learn how the chemistry of molecular interactions translates structure into function. The course emphasizes application of physical chemical principles and a bio-organic mechanistic approach to achieve an in-depth understanding of biochemical catalysis, regulation, and energy metabolism. Students enrolled in CHEM 519 will be responsible for leading class discussions based upon the primary research literature in course-related topics. Prerequisite: CHEM 229.
CHEM	426L	Advanced Experimental Techniques and Applications	4 cr.	Laboratory	This course provides a framework for the advanced undergraduate in acquiring knowledge and technical laboratory skills pertinent to physical, inorganic, and biochemical research. The laboratories serve to prepare students for careers in experimental chemistry and biochemistry. Laboratory, eight hours. Prerequisites: (1) successful completion in all undergraduate laboratory courses numbered 305L and lower required for the major; (2) successful completion of either CHEM 329 or CHEM 301; and (3) successful completion of CHEM 419. Students must concurrently register for CHEM 426R.
CHEM	426R	Advanced Experimental Techniques and Applications Recitation	0 cr.	Recitation	A recitation section to accompany CHEM 426L. This course provides a framework for the advanced undergraduate in acquiring knowledge and technical laboratory skills pertinent to physical, inorganic, and biochemical research. The laboratories serve to prepare students for careers in experimental chemistry and biochemistry. Students must concurrently register for CHEM 426L.
CHEM	436	Advanced Biochemistry II	3 cr.	Lecture	Advanced Biochemistry II. A continuation of CHEM 419/519, the course focuses in its first part on the metabolic transformations of amino acids, fatty acids, lipids, and nucleotides, culminating with an in-depth integration of mammalian metabolism. The second part of the course will focus on nucleic acids, the molecular basis of genetics, DNA and RNA metabolism, protein biosynthesis, and recombinant DNA methodology. Students will learn how the chemistry of molecular interactions translates structure into function in the context of nucleic acids and their interactions with proteins. Students enrolled in CHEM 536 will be responsible for leading class discussions based upon the primary research literature in course-related topics. Prerequisites: C or better in CHEM 419/519.
CHEM	452	Environmental Chemistry	3 cr.	Lecture	The course provides students with an appreciation and understanding of the fundamental and theoretical background concepts in environmental chemistry including aquatic, atmospheric, geologic, biospheric and anthropogenic. Students will learn environmental testing methods and gain the knowledge necessary for critical evaluation of procedures and data derived from environmental testing. Prerequisite: CHEM 122 or CHEM 152.
CHEM	490H	Honors Undergraduate Research	1 TO 2 cr.	Research	Exceptional undergraduates that have been accepted into the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Honors program will perform advanced level research with the goal of producing sufficient quality data to enable them to prepare an Honors Thesis and manuscripts for publication. Minimum GPA for enrollment is 3.50. This course requires permission of instructor and faculty research mentor.
CHEM	490W	Undergraduate Research	1 TO 2 cr.	Research	Selected students work on a research problem under the direction of a faculty member. This course requires permission of instructor and faculty research mentor.
CHEM	499	Undergraduate Thesis	1 TO 2 cr.	Thesis	This course is designed to help students who are conducting undergraduate research in Chemistry and Biochemistry to prepare their thesis and to present their thesis defense. Minimum GPA for enrollment is 3.00. This course requires permission of instructor and faculty research mentor. Prerequisite: CHEM 490W or 490H.
CHEM	499H	Honors Undergraduate Thesis	1 TO 2 cr.	Thesis	This course is designed to help students in the Honor Undergraduate Program in Chemistry and Biochemistry to prepare their thesis and to present their thesis defense. Minimum GPA for enrollment is 3.50. This course requires permission of instructor and faculty research mentor. Prerequisite: CHEM 490H. This course requires instructor permission.
CHEM	514W	Advanced Forensic Chemistry Laboratory	3 cr.	Laboratory	Students will continue to learn the instrumentation and more advanced techniques used in a forensic laboratory. They will detect metal residues, flammable liquids explosives, poisons and drugs using methods which include, GC-MS, LC-MS/MS, IR, PXRD, and SEM. Prerequisite: CHEM 371W. Laboratory, six hours.
CHEM	691	Seminar	0 cr.	Seminar	The course provides a forum for students to learn the latest developments at the forefront of chemistry.

Biology Courses

Subject	Course	Course Title	Credit	Course Type	Course Description
BIOL	100	Biology Major Exploration and Mentoring Experience	1 cr.	Lecture	This course is designed for first year Biology majors to support their growth and identity as developing biologists. Throughout the course, students will be guided through opportunities and experiences with a focus on the identification and development of skills and strategies for success both as students and throughout their career. Specific areas of emphasis include goal setting, faculty and peer mentoring, effective learning habits, resource management, personal and professional ethics, and self-reflection. Students will engage closely with departmental faculty and upper-class students in addition to course instructor(s) while evolving their personal identity as a biologist.
BIOL	101	Introduction to Life's Processes	4 cr.	Lecture	An emphasis on the fundamental biochemical and cellular concepts required for a solid understanding of life's processes. This information will provide the background for the Anatomy & Physiology and Intro Microbiology courses. Students must register concurrently for BIOL 101L.
BIOL	101L	Introduction to Life Processes Laboratory	0 cr.	Laboratory
BIOL	105	Biological Sciences-Career Development	1 cr.	Lecture	This course is designed to guide Biological Sciences majors as they explore, develop and pursue their educational and career goals. Outside speakers will introduce students to a range of career paths and educational opportunities. Students will prepare a resume, sample cover letter, and practice interview skills. The capstone project in this course is the creation of an Individual Development Plan where students will set and prioritize goals; assess strengths, weaknesses and personal values; define technical and non-technical skills; and identify opportunities and resources necessary to achieve their goals.
BIOL	111	Biology I: Cells, Genetics, Development	4 cr.	Lecture	Study of living systems at the molecular, cellular, and multicellular levels. An introduction to cell chemistry, cell structure and function, energetics, inheritance, reproduction and development. This course and Biology II provide basic information and concepts necessary to understanding living systems and their interrelationships. Students must register concurrently for BIOL 111L.
BIOL	111L	Biology I Laboratory	0 cr.	Laboratory	Laboratory experiments and demonstrations illustrating cellular and molecular biological principles, energetics, inheritance, reproduction, and development. Must be taken with BIOL 111.
BIOL	112	Biology II: Diversity, Ecology, Evolution	4 cr.	Lecture	This course is an introduction to the scientific study of living systems at the organismal, community, and ecosystem levels by surveying diversity in the five kingdoms, ecology and evolution. BIOL 111 is not a prerequisite to BIOL 112. Students must register concurrently for BIOL 112L.
BIOL	112L	Biology II Laboratory	0 cr.	Laboratory	Laboratory experiments and demonstrations which illustrate animal and plant diversity, ecological principles, and evolutionary concepts. Must be taken with BIOL 112.
BIOL	112L	Biology II Laboratory	0 cr.	Hybrid Course	Laboratory experiments and demonstrations which illustrate animal and plant diversity, ecological principles, and evolutionary concepts. Must be taken with BIOL 112.
BIOL	115	Advanced General Biology I	5 cr.	Lecture	This course investigates the biological world at the level of biomolecules and cells. It also provides an introduction to the mechanisms of inheritance, how genes work, and the process of development - the progression from fertilized egg to adult. Information and concepts essential to understanding the biological sciences are integrated with the process and excitement of scientific discovery. BIOL 115 is not a prerequisite for BIOL 117 or BIOL 112. This course is restricted to Biology majors. Freshman course. Prerequisite: permission of instructor. Students must register concurrently for BIOL 115L and 115R.
BIOL	115L	Advanced General Biology Laboratory I	0 cr.	Laboratory	Laboratory experiments in cellular and molecular biology, genetics, and development focusing on the process of scientific discovery. Experiments, data analysis, and laboratory reports are emphasized. This course is restricted to Biology majors. Prerequisite: permission of instructor. Must be taken with BIOL 115.
BIOL	115R	Advanced General Biology I Recitation	0 cr.	Recitation	The fundamental principles and concepts from Advanced General Biology I Lectures are reinforced in this class through problem solving and active learning. This course must be taken concurrently with BIOL 115.
BIOL	117	Advanced General Biology II	5 cr.	Lecture	This course investigates living systems at the organismal, community, and ecosystem levels. Included is a survey of the diversity of life, ecology, and evolution. The information and concepts essential to understanding the biological sciences are integrated with the process and excitement of scientific discovery. This course is restricted to Biology majors. Freshman course. Prerequisite: permission of instructor. Students must register concurrently for BiOL 117L.
BIOL	117L	Advanced General Biology Laboratory II	0 cr.	Laboratory	Laboratory experiments and demonstrations illustrating the diversity of life, ecological principles, and evolutionary concepts. Experiments, data analysis, and laboratory reports are emphasized. This course is restricted to Biology majors. Prerequisite: permission of instructor. Must be taken with BIOL 117.
BIOL	117R	Advanced General Biology II Recitation	0 cr.	Recitation	The fundamental principles and concepts from Advanced General Biology II Lectures are reinforced in this class through problem solving and active learning. This course must be taken concurrently with BIOL 117.
BIOL	119	Biodiversity	3 cr.	Lecture	This course will explore biodiversity of the region by examining the diversity of life, and the evolutionary, ecological, and cultural processes that sustain its existence. Field studies will focus on modern survey methods for local plant and animal species. Through readings, assignments and field data collections, a greater insight and understanding of the interrelated ecology of the region will be developed. Lecture/Field trips. Core Science. Offered irregularly.
BIOL	120	Core Science-Biology	3 cr.	Lecture	Evolution, inheritance, and the interrelation of energy, life, and the physical environment provide the unifying themes of this course. Each of these is examined from multiple levels of organization-from the molecular to the biosphere-demonstrating the diversity of life within which the commonality of life is found. Issues to be considered include those critical to effective citizenship in our changing world such as disease, reproduction, genetics, genetic engineering, and ecology.
BIOL	203	Introductory Microbiology	3 cr.	Lecture	Introduction to microorganisms, their morphology, metabolism, ecology, and cultural characteristics, with emphasis on their interaction with other organisms, including man. Principles of medical and health related aspects of microbiology, immunology and animal virology are presented. This course is restricted to health sciences and nursing students only. Prerequisite: C or better in BIOL 101/102 or 111/111L.
BIOL	204	Introductory Microbiology Laboratory	1 cr.	Laboratory	Prerequisite: BIOL 203 (or concurrent registration).
BIOL	205	Clinical Microbiology	3 cr.	Lecture	Microbiology with a human perspective. Study of bacteria and viruses and their impact on human health. Principles of health related aspects of immunology, microbiology and virology. The course is restricted to Health Science students only, PHYSICIAN ASSISTANT STUDIES
BIOL	205L	Clinical Microbiology Laboratory	1 cr.	Laboratory	Experiments demonstrating principles and applications of microbiology with a human perspective. The lab is restricted to Health Science students only, PHYSICIAN ASSISTANT STUDIES
BIOL	207	Anatomy and Physiology I	3 cr.	Lecture	This course is for aspiring health care workers. It provides a solid foundation in normal human anatomy and physiology, then helps the student to integrate the knowledge with exposure to pathological conditions and clinical applications. The focus during this first semester is on body organization, movement and control mechanisms. Prerequisite: C or better in BIOL 101/102 or 111/111L.
BIOL	208	Anatomy and Physiology I Laboratory	1 cr.	Laboratory	Laboratory exercises include both microscopic and gross examination of human anatomy, studies of physiological processes and exposure to basic clinically significant procedures. The hands-on approach in the laboratory provides an opportunity for students to experience and better understand the topics covered in lecture. Prerequisite: BIOL 207 (or concurrent registration).
BIOL	209	Anatomy and Physiology II	3 cr.	Lecture	Continuation of BIOL 207, emphasizing the mechanisms employed to maintain the body. Prerequisite: C or better in BIOL 207/208 or permission of instructor.
BIOL	210	Anatomy and Physiology II Laboratory	1 cr.	Laboratory	Continuation of BIOL 208. Laboratory. Prerequisite: BIOL 209 (or concurrent registration).
BIOL	212	Cell and Molecular Biology	4 cr.	Lecture	An introduction to biological macromolecule structure, macromolecular synthesis and the control of gene expression. Also this course will include examinations of cellular organelles, nuclear and chromatin structure, membrane systems, protein trafficking, the cytoskeleton, the cell cycle, cell-cell communication and extracellular matrices. Techniques for purifying proteins and manipulating nucleic acids will be discussed. Prerequisites: Must have a C or better in BIOL 111/112 (or BIOL 115/117) and BIOL 111L/112L (or BIOL 115L/117L:) and a C or better in CHEM 121, 122. Students must register concurrently for BIOL 212R.
BIOL	212R	Cell and Molecular Biology Recitation	0 cr.	Recitation
BIOL	250	Genetics	3 cr.	Lecture	This course is a survey of the subject of genetic analysis in biology. A problem solving approach is used to demonstrate the principles of genetics. Topics include classical Mendelian genetics, chromosomal inheritance, human genetic disease, population genetics, and gene expression. Prerequisites: C or better in BIOL 212 or permission of instructor.
BIOL	250R	Genetics Recitation	0 cr.	Recitation
BIOL	310	Biomacromolecule Structure and Function	3 cr.	Lecture	This course focuses on macromolecular structure and function, especially with regard to physical, dynamic and chemical properties of molecules and supramolecular structures. Energetic considerations will also be addressed. Fundamental properties of biological molecules that guide classic and modern research techniques will be discussed. Prerequisites: Must have a C or better in BIOL 212/212R or an appropriate equivalent course. Lecture.
BIOL	313	Developmental Biology	3 cr.	Lecture	The study of the progression through time and space from a single cell, the fertilized egg, to a complex multicellular organism. The powerful tools of molecular and cellular biology have linked the fields of embryology, morphology, genetics, and evolutionary biology to reveal how cells, tissues, organs, and organisms develop. This course explores the processes of morphogenesis, differentiation, pattern formation, growth, and reproduction at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels to provide a current overview of development in a wide variety of organisms. Prerequisite: C or better in BIOL 212.
BIOL	315	Human Physiology	3 cr.	Lecture	Examination of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of mammalian body function, including consideration of the basic components of biological control systems and the manner in which various tissues and organ systems contribute toward the maintenance of physiological homeostasis in health and disease. Prerequisite: C or better in BIOL 212.
BIOL	316	Comparative and Environmental Physiology	3 cr.	Online	This course focuses on the diversity of physiological mechanisms that different animals employ, including the high level of physiological and biochemical adaptation and specialization found in animals that live in diverse and challenging environments, or that possess other exceptional physiological abilities. Prerequisite: C or better in BIOL 212.
BIOL	319	General Microbiology	3 cr.	Lecture	Survey of the microbial world, metabolism, biosynthesis, regulation, growth, structure and function. Also included is an introduction to the fundamentals of immunology and virology. Recommended for students majoring in biology and post-baccalaureate students. Prerequisite: C or better in BIOL 212.
BIOL	322	Animal Behavior	3 cr.	Lecture	An evolutionary approach to study the behavior of animals. Using the Darwinian Framework, one can understand basic life history events such as natal dispersal or seasonal migrations. Moreover intra-sexual selection and inter-sexual selection (mate choice) will be examined in several taxa. Finally intra-specific variation (or culture) will be explored among several animal populations, with special emphasis on social behavior. Prerequisite: C or better in BIOL 111/112 and BIOL 111L/112L.
BIOL	330	General Ecology	3 cr.	Lecture	A survey of basic ecological principles, including: fundamental adaptations of organisms to biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems, factors influencing population dynamics, species interactions, structure and function of biological communities, nutrient cycling, ecosystem energetics, and applied perspectives. Requires one half-Saturday trip to Frick Park and Environmental Center in Pittsburgh, PA. Prerequisite: C or better in BIOL 111/115 and BIOL 112/117 and Math 115
BIOL	332	Virology	3 cr.	Lecture	An introduction to the basic principles of animal virus biology including an in depth examination of the infectious cycle, virus modification of the infected cell, and how important discoveries were made. This course will cover viral genomes and genetics, virus structure, attachment and entry, virus replication and gene expression, intracellular trafficking, virus assembly, viral pathogenesis of disease, vaccines, and antivirals. Prerequisite: C or better in BIOL 212. Lecture. Offered spring only.
BIOL	335	Vertebrate Anatomy, Development and Evolution	3 cr.	Lecture/Lab	This course emphasizes comparative development, functional anatomy and macroevolution of vertebrate body plans. Topics include the diversity and phylogenetic history of fossil and local forms, development and comparative embryology of each organ system, and comparative functional anatomy of the major clades of living vertebrates within an evolutionary framework. Prerequisite: C or better in BIOL 212.
BIOL	340	Evolution	3 cr.	Lecture	Evolution is the single most important concept uniting the many fields of biology. This course covers the theory of evolution and the various levels at which evolution works in living systems. Topics to be addressed include evolutionary genetics (including molecular evolution), adaptation and natural selection, evolution and diversity (including phylogeny reconstruction), and paleobiology and macroevolution. Prerequisites: C or better in BIOL 212; a genetics course is strongly recommended.
BIOL	359	General Environmental Microbiology	4 cr.	Lecture/Lab	This course will teach General Microbiology with an emphasis on environmental microbes and research techniques. It will integrate research and knowledge of environmental microbial communities into the basic framework of General Microbiology. The structure and function of the microbial cell will be taught from the point of view of what each of these structures do in a natural environment and how they influence that environment. The course has a 2-hour laboratory associated with it that focusses on teaching standard microbiology techniques that CERE students will use for their research. Prerequisite: ENVI251 Principles of Environmental Science
BIOL	370W	Capstone Laboratory I: Experimental Microbiology and Molecular Biology	5 cr.	Laboratory	This course is designated for junior biology majors to provide theoretical knowledge and practical laboratory skills across several biological disciplines including microbiology, biotechnology, biochemistry, cell biology, and molecular biology. Course content and credit is divided evenly between two modules: microbiology and molecular biology. The microbiology module includes techniques for the isolation and culture of bacteria, the examination of bacterial growth and morphology, and the identification of unknown microorganisms using biochemical techniques. Skills obtained in the first module are applied in the molecular biology module which uses bacteria in techniques such as DNA purification and quantification, molecular cloning, and protein purification and detection. This course is laboratory-focused (6 lab hours and 1 lecture hour per week) and emphasizes the scientific method as well as the development of practical research skills, which includes maintaining a scientific notebook and communicating results through written reports and oral presentations. Prerequisites: C or better in BIOL 212. Laboratory. University Core Writing Intensive. Offered Fall only.
BIOL	371W	Capstone Lab II: Cell and Molecular Biology	5 cr.	Laboratory	This Junior level lab course builds on BIOL 370W through investigative labs in cellular and molecular biology including cell culture, genetic mapping, constructing transgenic organisms, microscopy of cellular structures. Prerequisite: BIOL 370W.
BIOL	372W	Capstone Lab III: Cell and Systems Physiology	5 cr.	Laboratory	This junior level lab course sequence is designed to provide students with a multidisciplinary lab that reflects the integration among different disciplines in the broad areas of cellular and molecular biology. The course emphasizes techniques and approaches in the molecular, biochemical, and cellular biology of organisms from bacteria to mammals. Included are an introduction to research skills (computer use, library resources), characterizations and manipulations of cellular macromolecules including proteins and nucleic acids, and microscopy. Prerequisite: BIOL 370W.
BIOL	373W	Capstone Lab IV: Microbiology	5 cr.	Laboratory	This Junior level lab course builds on BIOL 370W through investigative labs in microbial physiology, ecology and genetics. This laboratory also includes an independent research project designed and conducted by each student. Prerequisite: BIOL 370W.
BIOL	374W	Capstone Lab V: Physiology and Molecular Techniques for Physical Therapy	5 cr.	Laboratory	This laboratory course focuses on how the body works in health and disease and the molecular techniques that relate to disease detection. Investigative experiments with organisms from bacteria to mammals will be performed, with an emphasis on human physiology. In addition, techniques such as polymerase chain reaction, molecular cloning, and DNA sequencing will be included. Prerequisites: C or better in BIOL 212.
BIOL	393	Selected Topics: Biodiversity:	3 cr.	Lecture/Lab	This course will explore the biodiversity by examining the diversity of life, and the evolutionary, ecological, and cultural processes that sustain its existence. Field studies will focus on some or all of the following: plants, small mammals, fish, birds, insects, and reptiles. Through readings, onsite lectures, field data collections, laboratory analyses, and field trips, a greater insight and understanding of the interrelated ecology of the area will be developed.
BIOL	394	Biology Research Forum	1 cr.	Seminar	An interactive format encourages students to develop a strong foundation in reading, writing, and presenting scientific communication. Designed for students performing research with a faculty mentor, the course will guide students to write a manuscript and develop an oral presentation based on their own research project. In addition to presenting their ideas in written and oral form, students will read and critically assess scientific literature, discuss the ethics of research and publication, and evaluate and critique the work of their peers. Prerequisite: permission of instructor.
BIOL	395	Special Topics: Biology I	1 TO 3 cr.	Lecture	Treatment of topics of current or special interest in biology. Permission of instructor.
BIOL	395	Special Topics: Biology I	1 TO 3 cr.	Laboratory	Treatment of topics of current or special interest in biology. Permission of instructor.
BIOL	395	Special Topics: Biology I	1 TO 3 cr.	Lecture/Lab	Treatment of topics of current or special interest in biology. Permission of instructor.
BIOL	398	Undergraduate Research	1 TO 3 cr.	Research	Opportunity for selected students to work in the laboratory on research problems under the direction of a faculty member. Registration by permission of the instructor. Pass/Fail only.
BIOL	399	Undergraduate Research	1 TO 3 cr.	Research	Opportunity for selected students to work in the laboratory on research problems under the direction of a faculty member. Registration by permission of instructor. Pass/Fail only.
BIOL	401	Ornithology	3 cr.	Lecture	Ornithology is the scientific study of birds. This course will explore the evolutionary origins, diversity, life history, behavior, ecology, anatomy and physiology of members of the class Aves. An introduction to modern research methods and formal field observations will be provided through lecture, discussion of the scientific literature and hands-on activities. Visual and auditory bird identification skills will be enhanced through field observations, audio recordings and the study of museum specimens. Avian examples will be used to reveal general biological principles that can relate to a variety of living organisms. The graduate version of this course has additional assignments and expectations. Prerequisite: C or better in BIOL 111/112 or 115/117
BIOL	415H	Honors Thesis	2 cr.	Thesis	A written honors thesis to be based on research that was conducted under the mentorship of faculty in the Department of Biological Sciences. Prerequisite: Application and acceptance into the honors program in biology.
BIOL	417	Invertebrate Biology	3 cr.	Lecture	Of the nearly 1.5 million described species of animals, the vast majority are invertebrates. This course will survey the biology, evolutionary history, and relationships of invertebrate organisms from protozoa through invertebrate chordates. An emphasis will be placed on phylogenetic relationships of these organisms, in particular the adaptations and characteristics that identify them as unique groups. A formal understanding of modern phylogenetic techniques will be developed. A collection of invertebrates is required as part of the course and guided field trips will be undertaken to help assemble the collection. Approximately 15% of the course will be devoted to the uses of invertebrates in scientific study (especially Drosophila and C. elegans) and the impact of invertebrates on human life, especially as food, pollinators, disease-causing agents, disease vectors, and agricultural pests. Prerequisite: C or better in BIOL 212.
BIOL	419	Bioinformatics: Analysis of Molecular and Genomic Data	3 cr.	Lecture	Bioinformatics is the statistical analysis of biological data. This course will cover the theory, approaches, and methods for interpreting DNA, RNA, protein, and genomic data. Topics covered will include DNA, RNA, and protein analysis, functional genomics, genome assembly and annotation, variant detection and population studies, and transcriptome analysis using RNAseq. The application bioinformatics to understanding phenotypes, diseases, evolution, demography, and population history will be explored. Prerequisite: C or better in BIOL 212. Lecture
BIOL	424	Immunology	3 cr.	Lecture	A course in the fundamental mechanisms of the immune system with applications in basic research, medicine and public health. Topics include the mechanisms of induction, regulation, and expression of the cellular and humoral immune responses, immunochemistry, antigen-antibody reactions, immunogenetics, immunopathologies, and immunodeficiencies. Prerequisite: C or better in BIOL 212.
BIOL	426	Pathogenic Microbiology	3 cr.	Lecture	We are surrounded by microbes and there is no escape. Our body carries more microbial cells and DNA than those of our own. Most of these microbes (commensals) are essential to our health as they help us digest foods and act as our frontal defense against the invasion of disease causing microbes (pathogens). However, the line between commensals and pathogens is often blurred and it can be very difficult to pinpoint a single entity as the causal agent of disease; a microbe may be harmless to some individuals but detrimental to others. What are the distinguishing features of a pathogen and what is the origin and underlying processes of an infectious disease? How do we combat pathogens, and treat and prevent disease? This course integrates the study of prototypical diseases and fresh perspectives from recent advances in the field of microbiology, with an emphasis on the concept of the microbiome. Prerequisite: C or better in BIOL 212
BIOL	427W	Microbial Ecology	3 cr.	Lecture	In this course the interaction of microorganisms, primarily prokaryotes, with each other, plants, animals, and fungi, and the environment is explored. The course takes a systematic approach, examining these interactions at the ecosystem, organismal, subcellular, and historical level. Topics include microbial primary production and photosynthesis, biogeochemical cycling, the structure of microbial communities, modeling, symbiosis, and microbial evolution. Prerequisite: C or better in BIOL 212, BIOL 319, and CHEM 212 or 212H or permission of the instructor.
BIOL	432W	Applied and Environmental Microbiology	3 cr.	Lecture	This course takes an in-depth look at microbial biogeochemical cycling and the application of microbial processes (both prokaryotic and eukaryotic) for biotechnology and bioremediation. Topics include biogeochemistry, the design and application of genetically engineered microbes (GEMS), natural attenuation, fermentation, and water treatment, in addition to current issues in environmental science. Prerequisites: C or better in BIOL 212, BIOL 319 and CHEM 212 or 212H or permission of the instructor.
BIOL	438	Environmental Biology	3 cr.	Lecture	This three-credit course provides an overview of the human impact on other life on Earth. Basic biological principles are examined in the context of this interaction with the biosphere. Topics covered in the this course will include critical thinking about the environment; human population and the environment; ecosystems; biogeochemical cycling, climate change; biological diversity and ecological restoration; agricultural impacts; energy; and water. The course is appropriate for biology majors, environmental science management majors and nonscience majors with a strong science background.
BIOL	460	Endocrinology	3 cr.	Lecture	This advanced integrative physiology course investigates the role of the endocrine system in coordination and regulation of body activities. Topics include homeostasis, reflex arcs, hormone synthesis, hormone action and signal transduction, hypothalamic/pituitary axis, regulation of salt, mineral and water balances, regulation of energy metabolism, reproduction, growth and development. This course is appropriate for Biology and Biochemistry majors interested in Physiology, as well as for pre-health professions students. Prerequisite: C or better in BIOL 212.
BIOL	466	Terrestrial Field Biology	3 cr.	Lecture/Lab	This applied ecology course is designed to present an overview of field and laboratory methods used by ecologists to describe and analyze plant and animal aggregations and their environments. The course focus is on the principles and practice of various ecological procedures with explanation of how to collect, record and analyze data. The course reviews the basic concepts of ecology that are needed to understand the various methods and their significance. The course material is presented as a combination of lecture, laboratory and field sessions. Prerequisites: There are no specific course prerequisites; however, students should have knowledge of basic biology, chemistry and fundamental algebra.
BIOL	468	Human Genetics	3 cr.	Lecture	This is an advanced course in human genetics focusing on principles of inheritance, structure and function of the human genome, genetic mapping of diseases, and patterns of human genetic diversity. We will examine both theoretical concepts as well as practical applications to a variety of fields. The emphasis of applications will be on the logic of the approach rather than on technical experimental details. Prerequisites: C or better in BIOL 212, or instructor approval.
BIOL	475	Neurobiology	3 cr.	Lecture	This course will survey topics found in the science of neurobiology. Neurobiology is the study of the nervous system, its development, its function and its diseases. Topics will include evolution and development of the nervous system, electrophysiology of neurons, human neuroanatomy, anatomy and functioning of the sensory systems and molecular genetics of the nervous system. The focus of the course is on how a scientist discovers the inner workings of the brain. A vast array of living organisms have brains. Science has shown that the study of simple brains can tell us a great deal about how all brains function, including human brains. As such, in this class, we will study aspects of the neurobiology of many different organisms. Prerequisite: C or better in BIOL 212 or permission of instructor.
BIOL	479	Forensic Molecular Biology	3 cr.	Lecture/Lab	This Laboratory/Lecture course introduces the student to molecular techniques that are gemane to Forensics. Topics include restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP); recombinant DNA technology and sequencing nuclear DNA, via cloning and mtDNA sequencing. Students will also work with BLAST and mtDNA databases. Protein assays underlining presumptive and confirmatory tests will also be performed. Permission of instructor. Prerequisite: BIOL 212
BIOL	490	Seminar	1 cr.	Seminar	Students attend and participate in weekly departmental research presentations and demonstrations by biological scientists from the Department of Biological Sciences, field stations, biotechnology laboratories, and other universities. May only be taken once for credit. Pass/Fail. PREREQUISITE: BIOL 212
BIOL	492		4 cr.	Lecture/Lab	This course is the study of the functional relationships and productivity of freshwater streams as they are affected by their physical, chemical and biotic environment. The course material is presented as a combination of lecture and several weekend field sessions totaling 20 hours. There is a built-in Community Engaged Learning Project that fulfills the experiential learning requirements for BSNES.
BIOL	494	Environmental Sampling and Analysis	3 cr.	Lecture/Lab	Explores the fundamentals of sample collection from experimental design and chain of custody, to methods used for obtaining environmental samples from air, water, and sediment in addition to biological sampling. The class lectures are augmented with trips to field research stations and a river excursion with RiverQuest to obtain environmental samples. Sample analysis includes microscopy and spectrometry, as well as biological and molecular techniques. Prerequisites: Biology 111/111L, 112/112L; CHEM 121/121L, 122/122L; MATH 225 or enrollment in graduate program.
BIOL	530W	DNA Methods in Population Genetics	4 cr.	Lecture/Lab	This combined laboratory and lecture course examines the biology underlying the most common genetic marker systems used in the forensic community. The basics of population genetics and DNA analysis methodologies will be covered, including the CODIS database. Techniques include extraction protocols, quantification using both uv-vis spec and qPCR, amplification of DNA, methods for labeling DNA, primer design and genotyping via an ABI 3130 Avant Genetic Analyzer. A semester-long project involves processing non-human DNA tissue samples that mimics the techniques employed in a forensic laboratory. True Allele, an Expert System used in analyzing genotyping data will also be examined. Prerequisites: BIOL 579 and permission of the instructor if not in Forensic track.

Environmental Courses

Subject	Course	Course Title	Credit	Course Type	Course Description
ENVI	105	Career Development Seminar	1 cr.	Seminar	Students will learn the skills and be given background information necessary to make informed career decisions in the natural and environmental sciences. Basic skills such as resume writing, application processes, and interview preparation will be discussed during the initial part of the course. In addition, each student will prepare a career plan, resume, cover letter and write a reflection paper. Subsequent sessions will involve outside speakers who will discuss their career choices and the breadth of career opportunities within their field.
ENVI	116	Foundations of Energy and Environment	3 cr.	Lecture	Welcome to Energy and the Environment! This three-credit course provides an overview of the human impact on other life on Earth. Basic biological principles are examined in the context of this interaction with the biosphere. Topics covered in this course will include critical thinking about the environment; human population and the environment; ecosystems; biogeochemical cycling, biological diversity, energy and water. At the end of this course, you will be able to: Explain the scientific process and write claims with supporting evidence and appropriate reasoning; Describe the primary environmental systems on planet Earth, their functions and how they are impacted by human activities; Define and explain sustainability and the environmental processes that are central to understanding sustainability challenges; Describe some of the basic scientific principles that aid in understanding the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals; Communicate environmental concepts orally and in written formats.
ENVI	126	Foundations of Energy and the Environment	3 cr.	Lecture	Welcome to Energy and the Environment! This three-credit course provides an overview of the human impact on other life on Earth. Basic biological principles are examined in the context of this interaction with the biosphere. Topics covered in this course will include critical thinking about the environment; human population and the environment; ecosystems; biogeochemical cycling, biological diversity, energy and water. At the end of this course, you will be able to: Explain the scientific process and write claims with supporting evidence and appropriate reasoning; Describe the primary environmental systems on planet Earth, their functions and how they are impacted by human activities; Define and explain sustainability and the environmental processes that are central to understanding sustainability challenges; Describe some of the basic scientific principles that aid in understanding the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals; Communicate environmental concepts orally and in written formats.
ENVI	191	Introduction to Earth Systems Science	3 cr.	Lecture	This course involves the application of basic earth system science analysis to environmental problems. This course will review the impact of the natural progression of processes on earth, and human activities that affect and modify these processes. It will be taught as a hybrid course in that there will be some face-to-face class meetings, synchronous class meetings/activities via zoom, asynchronous class meetings/activities via Canvas, class projects completed on the internet and submitted through Canvas, and quizzes and exams completed online and submitted via Canvas.
ENVI	246	Selected Topics in Environmental Science:	3 cr.	Lecture	Introduces a special area of study related to the environmental sciences not offered in the regular curriculum. Details reflect student demand, needs, topics of interest, and instructor availability. 1-3 Credits. Can be repeated for a total of 9 credit hours.
ENVI	251	Principles of Environmental Science	4 cr.	Lecture	Environmental science is an interdisciplinary field that considers the interactions between humans and the environment. This course will use the tools of biology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics to examine historically important and current events in environmental science. Environmental research and challenges are presented. Frameworks such as systems thinking and ecosystem services are used to organize thought around environmental issues. The use of computers and programming for environmental models and data analysis will be performed.
ENVI	251L	Principles of Environmental Science	0 cr.	Laboratory	Environmental science is an interdisciplinary field that considers the interactions between humans and the environment. This course will use the tools of biology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics to examine historically important and current events in environmental science. Environmental research and challenges are presented. Frameworks such as systems thinking and ecosystem services are used to organize thought around environmental issues. The lab component will introduce students to common laboratory and field instruments, and techniques. This will include an introduction to GIS and data analysis.
ENVI	323	Environmental Justice	3 cr.	Lecture	This 3-credit course examines the rise of the environmental justice movement from the environmental and civil rights movements of the early 20th century to its present-day evolution within a context of accelerating climate change. With an emphasis on government policies and community organizing, course materials will expose students to a wide range of environmental issues and introduce them to prominent environmental justice leaders through a mix of readings, documentaries, guest speakers, and podcasts. Students will be expected to engage deeply with the material both in their regular online forum posts and in class discussions as they draw on their own past experiences, and the shared experiences of their classmates, to ask critical questions about the society that they live in—and the society they would like to live in
ENVI	323	Environmental Justice	3 cr.	Online	This 3-credit course examines the rise of the environmental justice movement from the environmental and civil rights movements of the early 20th century to its present-day evolution within a context of accelerating climate change. With an emphasis on government policies and community organizing, course materials will expose students to a wide range of environmental issues and introduce them to prominent environmental justice leaders through a mix of readings, documentaries, guest speakers, and podcasts. Students will be expected to engage deeply with the material both in their regular online forum posts and in class discussions as they draw on their own past experiences, and the shared experiences of their classmates, to ask critical questions about the society that they live in—and the society they would like to live in
ENVI	390	Undergraduate Research-Environmental	1 TO 3 cr.	Research	Opportunity for selected students to perform research under the direction of a faculty member. Registration by permission of instructor. Pass/Fail.
ENVI	401	Ornithology	3 cr.	Lecture	Welcome to Ornithology, the scientific study of birds! This three credit upper-level undergraduate elective is classified as an “Organismal” course, supported by field trips and independent field observations. Additional requirements are needed to fulfill the graduate course requirements. This course will explore the evolutionary origins, diversity, life history, behavior, ecology, anatomy and physiology of members of the class Aves. An introduction to modern research methods and formal field observations will be provided through lecture, discussion of the scientific literature and hands-on activities. Visual and auditory bird identification skills will be enhanced through field observations, audio recordings and the study of museum specimens. Avian examples will be used to reveal general biological principles that can relate to a variety of living organisms. The graduate version of this course has additional assignments and expectations. Prerequisite: C or better in BIOL 111/112 or 115/117
ENVI	402	Biodiversity	3 cr.	Lecture	This course examines the contribution of plants to the overall biodiversity on Earth as well as the importance of plants in promoting the sustainability of ecosystems. Issues to be discussed in class include benefits derived from diverse plant communities, ecosystem services (e.g., nutrient cycling and storage), biological resources (e.g., food and medicine), and social benefits (e.g., recreation and tourism). The course will also cover energy and trophic structures, global biomes, biodiversity loss and its impacts on human welfare.
ENVI	403	Sustainable Agriculture	3 cr.	Lecture	This course will explore the origin, forms, policies, and challenges to sustainable agriculture across the globe. In addition, this course will examine the significance of sustainable agriculture in the conservation of earth’s biodiversity through protection of species and their habitats as well as restoration of degraded ecosystems. Class discussions will explore different management practices being used to uphold ecological integrity, reduce costs, protect human and animal health, and promote environmental sustainability. Case studies, peer reviewed articles, and videos will be used to help students better understand issues being discussed in class. This course will enable students to: Use sustainability principles to define sustainable agriculture in order to facilitate clear communication and informed decision-making; Articulate the role that sustainable agriculture can play in upholding ecological integrity; Illustrate the ways that sustainable agriculture is linked to food environments, food access, environmental justice, and policy; Identify opportunities and challenges for addressing global sustainability challenges that are scale appropriate (personal, local, regional, global); Illustrate the relationships between various agricultural systems at various scales and across different sectors.
ENVI	404	Computer Tools for Scientists	2 cr.	Lecture/Lab	As scientists, we seek data. Modern tools to analyze and visualize those data use computers. This class focuses on practical skills in data analysis; specifically, spreadsheets and programming packages (Microsoft Excel and R with RStudio will be featured prominently in the class). Students will learn how to import a wide range of data types and perform several important analyses and visualization tasks. Based on time and interest, other software packages may be included. Pre-requisite: Calculus I.
ENVI	405	Field Environmental Science in South Africa	4 cr.	Lecture/Lab	The purpose of this academic program is to teach students field methods and data analysis in environmental science, specifically, hydrology and biodiversity. The course will also provide students the historical context of apartheid and give them examples of existing post-apartheid disparities in South Africa. This is hand-in-hand with the environmental science field methods introduced, as it is marginalized populations that do not have equal or equitable access to infrastructure or environmental quality interventions. This course will be hosted at Kruger National Park in South Africa as well as other field sites including University of Venda.
ENVI	407	Seminar	0 TO 3 cr.	Lecture	Seminar is an opportunity for students to learn about contemporary topics in environmental science. The seminars will be mostly research and applications of research. Additionally, a responsible conduct of research workshop will be offered in the fall and undergraduate environmental science honors theses will be presented in the spring. Attendance is expected for all full-time graduate students and must be taken for credit once. Attendance is expected for participants in the undergraduate honors program. Preparatory readings may be occasionally required.
ENVI	414H	Honors Environmental Science Thesis	1 cr.	Thesis	The Honors Environmental Science Thesis course is a combination of research seminars, journal club presentations, and research mechanics and conduct classes. At the end of this experience, students will be able to: explain and apply to case studies and (possibly personal) experience the responsible conduct of research (as defined by U.S. Federal Regulations and agency guidelines); analyze others’ research and evaluate contributions to the field; navigate federal grants databases; navigate academic and scientific specialty job announcements, and respond to job announcements; and identify academic structure.
ENVI	415H	Honors Environmental Science Thesis	1 TO 3 cr.	Thesis	Scientific research conducted under the mentorship of approved faculty in the field of environmental science. Specifically, this course culminates in the production of an undergraduate honors thesis, which includes a written document and scientific presentation to be defended before a faculty committee. Students should register for this course in their final semester for consideration of departmental honors. Registration in this course is limited to undergraduate students who have been accepted to the Environmental Science Honors Program.
ENVI	452	Environmental Chemistry	3 cr.	Lecture	This course provides students with an underlying theory and appreciation and an understanding of the fundamental concepts in Environmental Chemistry. Students will learn environmental chemical fundamentals and become familiar with testing methods and gain the knowledge necessary for critical evaluation of fundamental aspects of the environment. There is an overarching theme in the Environmental Chemistry Class as a practical and theoretical basis. This is Environmental Human Health. Understanding relationships of environmental chemistry enables comprehension of the complexity of “environmental human health” and is a critical aspect of modern environmental chemistry. Congress in enacting RCRA (Research Conservation and Recovery Act) stated the purpose of the law to be “… for human health and the environment.” An entire new field of medicine and research has been growing in the past several decades and has now been given the name Exposomics. This is a new field in environmental chemistry, medicine and human health (google CDC and Exposomics and read more of this new field). Energy is now one of the hottest topics in chemistry and environmental chemistry. It is essential and polyclinical as well as being science. We will cover energy, its creation, storage and environmental chemistry. Environmental chemistry is now leading to new professional employment in fields of human health, sustainability, exposomics, public health service and hundreds of professional careers.
ENVI	456	Water, Environment, and Development	3 cr.	Lecture	In this course, students will examine the complex issues around water security around the globe. Topics will include fundamental concepts such as the water cycle, water chemistry, and hydrology as well as applied concepts such as potable water supplies, agricultural water management, and transboundary water issues. Additionally, policy and regulation will also be considered along with the roles of individuals, community leaders, governments (state/national), financial institutions, and non-governmental organizations and aid-agencies.
ENVI	466	Terrestrial Field Biology	3 cr.	Lecture/Lab	This applied ecology course is designed to present an overview of field and laboratory methods used by ecologists to describe and analyze plant and animal aggregations and their environments. The course focus is on the principles and practice of various ecological procedures with explanation of how to collect, record and analyze data. The course reviews the basic concepts of ecology that are needed to understand the various methods and their significance. The course material is presented as a combination of lecture, laboratory and field sessions. C or better in prerequisites: BIOL 111/111L, BIOL 112/112L.
ENVI	470	Environmental Toxicology	3 cr.	Lecture	The course is designed to examine the toxic effects of chemical substances on humans, on other living species, and on the environment. Practical applications and current issues/topics are presented, using specific chemical substances, such as pesticides, heavy metals, organic solvents, and their vapors. Extrapolation of toxicological data from animals to humans is presented, along with potential concerns when using animal data to predict human responses. The National Research Council (NRC) risk assessment paradigm (hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization) is discussed. Uncertainties in risk assessment are discussed and how they must be addressed by regulators.
ENVI	472	Environmental Biology	3 cr.	Lecture	This three-credit course provides an overview of the human impact on other life on Earth. Basic biological principles are examined in the context of this interaction with the biosphere. Topics covered in the this course will include critical thinking about the environment; human population and the environment; ecosystems; biogeochemical cycling, climate change; biological diversity and ecological restoration; agricultural impacts; energy; and water. The course is appropriate for biology majors, environmental science management majors and nonscience majors with a strong science background.
ENVI	480	Capstone	0 TO 3 cr.	Capstone	Intended as a flexible requirement, fulfilled by an internship, research, or independent study designed in collaboration with Environmental Science or Environmental Studies program capstone supervisor.
ENVI	492		4 cr.	Lecture/Lab	This course is the study of the functional relationships and productivity of freshwater streams as they are affected by their physical, chemical and biotic environment. The course material is presented as a combination of lecture and several weekend field sessions totaling 20 hours. There is a built-in Community Engaged Learning Project that fulfills the experiential learning requirements for BSNES.
ENVI	494	Environmental Sampling and Analyses	3 cr.	Lecture/Lab	This three-credit course is an overview of sample collection from experimental design and chain of custody, to methods used for obtaining environmental samples, principally from water, soil, and sediment in addition to biological sampling, and modern molecular analysis. This is a lab course augmented with trips to field research stations to obtain environmental samples. Sample analysis includes microscopy and spectrometry, as well as biological and molecular techniques. The objective of the course is to familiarize the student with the unique challenges field sampling can present through direct experience.
ENVI	497W	Applied and Environmental Microbiology	3 cr.	Lecture	An in depth look at how microbes, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, affect the environment. Microbial processes involved in the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and metals, biomineralization, bioremediation, water treatment, biotechnology and microbial diversity and ecosystems will be covered in detail. Particular emphasis will be placed on current issues in environmental science. The lectures will cover both theoretical and applied aspects.
ENVI	499W	Microbial Ecology	3 cr.	Lecture	An in depth look at the ecology of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes. Lecture topics will include, microbial diversity, microbial community structure and how we study and define microbial communities. The course will also focus on the habitats where microbial communities are found and explore the interactions microbes have with other microbes, with plants and animals and with the environment. Emphasis will be placed on current issues in environmental microbiology. The lectures will cover both theoretical and applied aspects.

Bridges Courses

Subject	Course	Course Title	Credit	Course Type	Course Description
EQ	117	Are We Our Planet's Keeper?	3 cr.	Seminar	Are we our planet’s keeper? Consumption of energy and materials has grown exponentially for over half a century, greatly improving the material standards of living across much of the globe. At the same time, this development has triggered global warming, acutely stressing the planet’s major ecosystems and the condition of the entire biosphere itself while leaving a great segment of humanity at levels of poverty and destitution. How can climate change and resource limitation be addressed while improving economic and social impacts? What is possible, with current technology, for building a sustainable world?
EQ	137	Why Would Anyone Become a Scientist?	3 cr.	Seminar	Are they nerds? Geniuses? Weird? Ordinary? In it for money and power? In this course we will read articles, listen to podcasts, and watch videos about what scientists do and why. We will discuss the unusual, innovative, and relevant topics scientists devote their lives to understanding. We will also explore how scientists do science, communicate their results, handle controversy, and more. We will discuss the role of science and science writing in society. We will apply the methods scientists use to contemporary issues such as climate change and COVID vaccination.
EQ	141	What is Stuff?	3 cr.	Seminar	What is the universe made of? This question has been asked for millennia, and every culture has attempted to answer it. The answer to this question has had profound implications for politics, social relations, technology and religion. This course will investigate the attempts to answer this question from antiquity to ongoing research efforts. In doing so, we will obtain a deeper understanding of science and a lens through which to view and understand our history. .

Forensics Courses

Subject	Course	Course Title	Credit	Course Type	Course Description
FORE	101	Introduction to Forensic Science and Criminal Law	2 cr.	Lecture	The intersection of science and law provides us with new tools and methodologies for discovering truth. This introductory course, in part, is designed to provide you with a broad overview of the law that you will cover throughout the entire 5 year program. Concepts and doctrines in the areas of criminal and civil law, the roles of the expert, pertinent rules of evidence, and wrongful convictions will be covered. The importance of ethical considerations in forensic science and law is emphasized. Included is an introduction to the classical areas of the forensic sciences and how the sciences interrelate with the law.
FORE	105	Forensic Interest Research Science Talks First Colloquium	0 cr.	Seminar	This course enables students to interact with faculty in the program as an informal course on hot topics in forensic science and law. These topics may include podcasts and television programs on true crime and the range of disciplines within the science such as firearms, serology and DNA, toxicology, psychology, and crime scene analysis. This colloquium will enhance the intellectual experience for freshmen and sophomores in the FSL program by allowing them to engage in an interactive discussion. Students will meet each week and bring cases or research topics of interest while the faculty will facilitate the discussion. Additionally, the course will serve as a framework to demonstrate best practices and quality control in the forensic sciences.
FORE	201	Philosophical Ethics of Law & Science	2 cr.	Lecture	Truth is the ideal of a universal understanding that is capable of making a synthesis of our knowledge in all domains. Truth always hovers on the horizon of our desire for knowledge. Verm et unum convertunter… truth and unity are convertible notions. (citation omitted). Though in this unity of truth we place our hope of understanding the full range of the human condition, the pursuit of truth cannot be understood without realizing that our knowledge is composed of a multiplicity of different levels or spheres of truth, not only in the quantitative, but also in the qualitative sense. There is the truth of familiar world around us; there is truth of positive science; there is the truth pursued by philosophy and law; and there is the distinct truth that our Faith allows us to touch and cherish. In this course, we engaged in thinking and rethinking about this synthesis of unity with the hope of edging nearer a better understanding of human existence and the reconciliation of faith and reason. In this special sense, we understand that Faith makes use of reason...Fides quarens intellectum...faith which seeks understanding. These principles are explored in context with an examination of several very challenging moral and legal questions that touch upon our faith traditions, jurisprudential values, and scientific advances in the natural and social sciences. Prerequisite: FORE 101.
FORE	230	History of Forensic Science	3 cr.	Lecture	Since the late 19th century, the United Kingdom was the setting for both the development and implementation of forensic science and crime solving techniques. This course introduces the history and evolution of forensic science, significant cases, and the framework of international standards within forensic science. Students will examine key historical figures and innovations, similarities in British and American legal systems, and how these systems regulate, maintain, and evolve standards associated with forensic practice. Assessment will be through a combination of discussions, participation, and reflections during the study abroad trip. Students will experience the British system first-hand, beginning in London, and through trips to Edinburgh, Dundee, and Glasgow, Scotland. Through site visits and guest speakers, students will gain insight into the forensic profession as it exists in the UK.
FORE	300	Professional Development I	0 TO 1 cr.	Lecture	A multidimensional course that assists the Forensic Science and Law student with organizing curricular requirements, facilitating research options, and selecting research projects and advisors. Presentations from invited speakers and Program Faculty broaden students’ knowledge of research in the forensic sciences. The class meets periodically as a combined section with Professional Development III for the purpose of cross communication and discussions of common interest. Prerequisite: FORE 101.
FORE	301W	Wrongful Convictions	2 cr.	Lecture	This upper level course will examine, from an interdisciplinary perspective, the principal problems that lead to the conviction of the innocent and the leading proposals for reform. Strong consideration will be given to the ethical imperatives of the police, prosecution, defense lawyers, and the scientific community. Approximately one-half of the class time throughout the semester will be used to cover these ethical considerations. Topics covered will include mistaken eyewitness identification; false confessions; junk forensic science; the role of forensic DNA testing; post-conviction remedies for innocence claims; the use of ""jailhouse snitches"" and cooperating witnesses; incompetent defense counsel; police and prosecutorial misconduct; ethical and moral problems posed by innocence and the death penalty; and the legal, practical, and ethical issues that arise for policy makers. Drawing on these topics, students will work in teams to study actual innocence/wrongful convictions in Pennsylvania and other jurisdictions. Prerequisite: FORE 101, 201.
FORE	320	Professional Development II	0 TO 1 cr.	Lecture	As a continuation of Professional Development I, this course continues to facilitate curricular requirements and scheduling timelines for accomplishing project completion in the last year of the Program. Additional assignments include grant writing, resume building, and IRB application. The class meets periodically as a combined section with Professional Development IV for the purpose of cross communication and discussions of common interest. Prerequisite: FORE 300.
FORE	350	True Crime and the Justice of God	3 cr.	Lecture	This interdisciplinary course bridges material in forensic science and Christian theological ethics using true crime media. Students will apply interdisciplinary methodologies (forensic and theological analysis) to true crime case studies. Through the course, students will engage in theological and moral reflection upon some of the most pressing social issues of our day, such as: violence against women, racial profiling, and wrongful convictions.
FORE	400W	Professional Development III	1 cr.	Lecture	As a continuation of Professional Development II, this course continues to facilitate curricular research requirements. Course required writing assignments include a research summary and literature review. The class meets periodically as a combined section with Professional Development I for the purpose of cross communication and discussions of common interest. Prerequisite: FORE 320 and ENGL 302W.
FORE	401	American Legal History	1 cr.	Online	This course is an introduction to American legal history focusing on the separation of powers in the Federal system and how the President, Congress, and the United States Supreme Court affects law, society, and criminal justice. Prerequisite: FORE 101, 201, 301W
FORE	401	American Legal History	1 cr.	Lecture	This course is an introduction to American legal history focusing on the separation of powers in the Federal system and how the President, Congress, and the United States Supreme Court affects law, society, and criminal justice. Prerequisite: FORE 101, 201, 301W
FORE	402	Torts	1 cr.	Lecture	This course exposes students to the law of torts through precedential and current case law as well as statutes. No text is used; all materials provided through lecture and by the professor. Prerequisite: FORE 101, 201, 301W
FORE	410	Forensic Investigation I	2 cr.	Lecture	This course introduces the student to modern crime scene investigative techniques and will also explore the historical evolution of crime scene investigation. We shall study basic and advanced procedures employed by crime scene investigators with an emphasis on the detection, collection, and presentation of physical and testimonial evidence. The course identifies items commonly found at crime scenes and examines their significance in identifying and prosecuting people accused of committing crimes. Aspects of psychological and transient evidence associated with criminal activity will be explored including the difficulties of presenting non-tangible evidence to court and jury. Theories of information, observation, and interrogation as they relate to crime scene investigation will be examined, as will the ethics of current investigative procedures utilized by modern law enforcement agencies. Prerequisite: FORE 101 and 201. Corequisite: FORE 301W.
FORE	411	Forensic Investigation II	2 cr.	Lecture	This course is a continuation of Forensic Investigation I with an emphasis on the study of the practical application of modern investigative techniques to a variety of criminal activities. Actual cases, accompanied by crime scene photographs will be presented, giving the student a factual view of techniques, procedures and strategies utilized by law enforcement officers conducting criminal investigations. We shall explore investigative relationships between local and federal law enforcement agencies and the potential resources each agency contributes to an investigation. Prerequisite: FORE 410.
FORE	420W	Professional Development IV	1 cr.	Lecture	This is the capstone course in the Professional Development series that continues to facilitate curricular research requirements. Assignments include preparation of a research abstract for a national meeting and a poster presentation. An oral defense of each student's research topic and plan will be presented at the end of the course. The class meets periodically as a combined section with Professional Development II for the purpose of cross communication and discussions of common interest. Prerequisite: C or better in FORE 400W.
FORE	421	Environmental Law	1 cr.	Lecture	This course will use lectures, readings, discussions and class presentations to introduce the students to the field of environmental law. The object is to familiarize the students with the legal background in which they may be called upon to practice their scientific training in the Forensic Science and Law Program, whether as consultants, regulatory or compliance specialists, or expert witnesses. Prerequisite: FORE 101.
FORE	450	Internship	1 TO 6 cr.	Internship	The Forensic Science and Law Internship provides the student with a professional work experience. The internship is an extension of the curriculum and provides meaningful experience related to the student's area of concentration. The internship responsibilities must be approved in advance by a program coordinator. The student is supervised within the work setting and also by the Forensic Science and Law Program. Prerequisite: Student must have earned 60 credits.
FORE	480	Independent Research Forensic	1 TO 3 cr.	Research	Opportunity for selected Forensic Science Students to work in a research laboratory under the direction of a faculty mentor. Examples include the Forensic Chemistry Lab where students work on several ongoing research projects, learning experiment development, problem solving and instrumental methods; and the Forensic DNA Laboratory where students are responsible for sample processing, performing extractions on a variety of source material (bone, tissue, etc), quantification, PCR and genotyping, including database construction.
FORE	500	Internship	0 TO 3 cr.	Internship	The Forensic Science and Law Internship provides the student with a professional work experience. The internship is an extension of the curriculum and provides meaningful experience related to the student’s major and area of concentration. The internship responsibilities must be approved in advance by the academic advisement office. The student is supervised within the work setting and also by the Forensic Science and Law Program. Pass/Fail. Prerequisite: Student must have earned 90 credits.
FORE	501	Trace Evidence and Environmental	3 cr.	Lecture	The Trace Evidence course will provide the student with basic insight into background, theory, principles, scene investigation, sample collection, identification and classification of various types of trace evidence. Prerequisite: FORE courses, levels 100 through 400.
FORE	510	Ethics in Forensic Science and Professional Responsibilities	1 cr.	Lecture	Ethical conduct and professional responsibility of forensic scientists are critical for a proper functioning of the criminal justice system. The forensic scientist routinely faces challenges from the adversarial system. Investigators, prosecutors, and defense attorneys all want immediate results, clear results, and results that support their theories. Scientific culture should emphasize objectivity, scientific rigor, openness, and cautious interpretation of data. Mock testimony will be used to illustrate ethical problems that can arise while presenting in court. Also, the professional responsibilities of the lawyers legally extend to the forensic scientist as their agents. This course is designed to provide the student with the concepts to recognize moral, ethical, and professional issues and normative values for addressing these issues. Prerequisite: FORE 101, 201, 301W, 401, 402, 410.
FORE	511	Forensic Drug Analysis	2 cr.	Lecture	The Forensic Drug Analysis course is designed to provide the student with the basic knowledge and skills necessary to perform routine examinations and identification/classification of illicit drugs and chemicals. A thorough knowledge of the chemistry of selected classes of drugs is emphasized. Prerequisite: FORE courses, levels 100 through 400.
FORE	513	Firearms and Toolmarks	2 cr.	Lecture	The use of firearms comprises a large percentage of crimes in the United States. The survey course is designed to provide the student with the principles of firearms examination and firearms identification as well as other firearms related evidence. Comparison microscope exercises will be included as part of the course. In addition, shoe print and tire print evidence will also be discussed. Case examples will help illustrate the principles presented in class. Prerequisite: FORE courses, levels 100 through 400.
FORE	521	Forensic DNA Analysis/Interpretation/Statistics	3 cr.	Lecture	Topics will cover techniques and methods of forensic DNA analysis, statistical interpretation of results, report writing, and quality control issues. Additionally, familial DNA analysis, paternity testing, mass disaster identification, and probabilistic genotyping for mixture interpretation will be examined. Students will analyze mock forensic casework data utilizing current guidelines and analysis software. Prerequisite: FORE courses, levels 100 through 400 and B or better in BIOL 530W.
FORE	522	Quality Assurance and Lab Administration Management	2 cr.	Lecture	Forensic science is an applied science. The ability to consistently and reliably obtain results time after time and to demonstrate that this is done is important to courts and society. The human element introduces confounding factors that have to be managed as well. Ethical questions are emphasized throughout the course. This course is designed to provide the student with tools to assure laboratory quality and manage the human and nonhuman laboratory resources in a forensic science laboratory context. Prerequisite: FORE 101.
FORE	525	Forensic Toxicology	2 cr.	Lecture	The Forensic Toxicology course is designed to provide the student with the basic knowledge to understand the deleterious effects of drugs and chemicals on the human body. In addition to applying basic analytical principles the student will be learning about analytical methodologies and case interpretation specific to post-mortem, human performance and workplace/athlete drup testing forensic toxicology. Prerequisite: C or better in CHEM 514W and FORE 420W.
FORE	535	Evidence and Case Management	1 cr.	Lecture	The student is introduced to the process of receiving evidence, documenting chain of custody, and evidence security. Utilizing a LIMS for evidence tracking and case management will be covered. Stressed is the overall importance of the integrity of forensic evidence. Also covered will be discussion into each discipline regarding challenges unique to evidence types as well as case management. Handling hazardous evidence is also covered. Prerequisite: FORE courses, levels 100 through 400.
FORE	540	Constitutional Criminal Procedure	1 cr.	Lecture	Criminal procedures for searches and seizures of evidence as constrained by the U.S. Constitution may affect the admissibility of forensic scientific analysis performed on the evidence in the laboratory. The forensic scientist should understand the constitutional dimensions of the law enforcement powers. In this course, significant U.S. Supreme Court cases will be read and discussed. This course is not an exhaustive or comprehensive study of the subject, but rather a survey of some of the major cases that affect everyday law enforcement. Prerequisite: FORE courses, levels 100 through 400.
FORE	541	Latent Print Analysis	1 cr.	Lecture	This course is designed to introduce the student to the science of latent prints. Students will study the biological development of friction ridges, methods for developing, capturing, and preserving latent prints, and the ACE-V methodology for latent print comparison. This course will also provide students with the knowledge of current technology in the latent print community and the role of latent prints in the field of forensic science and courtroom. Prerequisite: FORE courses, levels 100 through 400.
FORE	545	Explosives and Arson Investigation	2 cr.	Lecture	The Explosive and Arson Investigation course will provide the student with basic insight into theory, principles, scene investigation, sample collection, identification and classification of fire, explosive materials, and ignitable liquids. Forensic Science applications for the analytical evaluation of Biological Warfare Agents (BWA) and Chemical Warfare Agents (CWA) will also be emphasized. Prerequisite: FORE courses, levels 100 through 400.
FORE	550	Journal Club/Research	1 cr.	Lecture	The forensic science graduate experience includes presentations and discussions on research topics of interest and student’s independent research projects. Students will lead presentations and discussions surrounding recently published journal articles along with hot topics in forensic science. One to three informal presentations will be delivered based upon current journal readings. The presentations will largely be student-based, but may also include presentations by faculty and guests. Student presentations may be chosen or assigned. Prerequisite: B or better in FORE 420W.
FORE	555	Expert Qualifications	1 cr.	Lecture	This course serves as part of the capstone experience to prepare students for courtroom testimony and review the forensic science curriculum in preparation for professional certification tests. Prerequisite: FORE courses, levels 100 through 400.
FORE	610	Trace Evidence Applications Lab	1 cr.	Laboratory	The purpose of this lab is to expand the student’s knowledge of trace evidence analysis techniques. Students will practice collection and analysis techniques. Students will learn what is required for a positive identification, negative identification, and elimination. The student will also be instructed in proper evidence handling techniques and chain of custody preservation. Corequisite: FORE 501.
FORE	620	Serology, DNA Applications Lab	1 cr.	Laboratory	The purpose of this lab is to familiarize the students with techniques common to forensic serology. Students will learn the methods utilized in forensics laboratories for the collection and identification of physiological fluids while observing chain of custody and proper evidence handling. Corequisite: FORE 521.
FORE	630	Chemistry, Toxicology, Arson Applications Lab	1 cr.	Laboratory	An applications laboratory that covers analytical methodologies for detecting, identifying, characterizing, and quantitating chemicals, drugs, and poisons in forensic evidence. The examination of forensic evidence will be explored for analytical analysis (both presumptive and confirmatory) for drug, toxicology, arson and explosive investigations. Proper evidence handling procedures and quality assurance and quality control techniques will be discussed. Corequisites: FORE 525, 545.
FORE	640	Independent Research	1 cr.	Seminar	This course serves as part of the capstone experience, finalizing independent research performed over the past few years. Each student is required to write a manuscript and give a public oral defense on his/her research committee. This work will be evaluated by each student's research committee. Prerequisite: C or better in FORE 550
FORE	650	Advanced DNA Topics: Non-Human DNA Application	1 cr.	Lecture	This course examines the application of non-human DNA testing and its use in forensic science and solving crime. Examples will include plants (botany), soil, microbes and pathogens, insects (entomology), companion animals (dog, cat, etc.), and wildlife (elephant and illegal trade). Presentations from invited speakers and Program Faculty will broaden student's awareness of non-human DNA research and issues. Faculty presentations will be augmented with socratic class discussions in an open and student-centered format and are not teacher-led. Prerequisite: BIOL 530W
FORE	660	Forensic Science and Law Comprehensive	0 cr.	Lecture	This course serves as part of the capstone experience in the forensic science and law program. Each student is required to take a general forensic knowledge exam and pass with a score of 70 or higher. Exam preparation and study guides will be provided. Students will have a maximum of two attempts to score a 70 on the exam. The course is graded on a Pass/No Pass basis.
IFSL	100	Forensic Science and Law Undergraduate Seminar	1 cr.	Seminar	This is a multidimensional course developed to assist Masters of Forensic Science and Law students with transitioning into college life, as well as laying the foundation for understanding various forensic scientific professional opportunities. Students will developt essential skills, such as note-taking and active reading, and will become familiar with utilizing university resources. Presentations by a combination of invited speakers and program faculty will broaden students’ awareness of the roles and reach of the forensic sciences in today’s society. Content will parallel lecture material in the FORE 101 Introductory Forensic Science and Law course. Pass –Fail.
IFSL	200	Forensic Science and Law Undergraduate Seminar II	1 cr.	Lecture	The Forensic Science and Law Undergraduate Seminar is a multidimensional course developed to assist Master’s of Forensic Science and Law students in choosing research topics and to lay the foundation for understanding various forensic scientific professional opportunities. Presentations by a combination of invited speakers and program faculty will broaden students’ awareness of the roles and reach of the forensic sciences in today’s society. Content will parallel lecture material in FORE 101.

Physics Courses

Subject	Course	Course Title	Credit	Course Type	Course Description
PHYS	105	Physics Career Development	1 cr.	Seminar	Exploration of the employment landscape open to a physics bachelor’s recipient and development of skills for success in the pursuit of a physics career path. Mapping of physics degrees to specific employment goals. Modules on the graduate application process and the job search process, with best practices for each. Resume, LinkedIn account, cover letter and an assessment of your personal skill set are among the deliverables of the class. Guests include career services staff and physics-degree holding professionals.
PHYS	109	Forging Community	1 cr.	Field Work	Students will carry out supervised projects in Wilkinsburg in partnership with the Community Forge 501c3 nonprofit organization. The expectations will include several outings per semester to the space, helping with small construction tasks and youth activities, in particular engaging with the youth tech pathways program “Boot-Up”, which teaches high-school aged youth 21st century technology skills.
PHYS	123	Core Science-Physics	3 cr.	Lecture	Through lecture and classroom demonstrations, students investigate the fundamental notions of mechanics: motion, inertia, force, momentum and energy. Emphasis is placed on the great Newtonian synthesis o f the 17th century. With this foundation, students are prepared to move on to topics chosen among the following: properties of matter, heat and thermodynamics, electricity and magnetism, light and modern physics. This course introduces students to the analytical processes of the scientific method and also helps them recognize applications to the physics involved in everyday life. Three hours.
PHYS	124	Earth Science	3 cr.	Hybrid Course	Introduction to earth science for non-science majors. Survey of the Earth in relation to its physical composition, structure, history, atmosphere and oceans. This course is taught online following the university academic calendar. In addition to completing all weekly online activities throughout the semester, students are required to take all exams in person at the location, dates and times listed in the university calendar, including the final exam.
PHYS	124	Earth Science	3 cr.	Online	Introduction to earth science for non-science majors. Survey of the Earth in relation to its physical composition, structure, history, atmosphere and oceans. This course is taught online following the university academic calendar. In addition to completing all weekly online activities throughout the semester, students are required to take all exams in person at the location, dates and times listed in the university calendar, including the final exam.
PHYS	125	Astronomy	3 cr.	Lecture	Introduction to methods of astronomical observation, history of astronomy, the solar system and the question of life in the universe, with limited context-building discussion of stars and galaxies. Focus may alternate between planetary geology and astrophysics. Delivery is straightforwardly descriptive without complex mathematics. No science or mathematics background presumed. Does not meet requirements of physics or astronomy programs. Three hours. Fall, spring and summer.
PHYS	125	Astronomy	3 cr.	Online	Introduction to methods of astronomical observation, history of astronomy, the solar system and the question of life in the universe, with limited context-building discussion of stars and galaxies. Focus may alternate between planetary geology and astrophysics. Delivery is straightforwardly descriptive without complex mathematics. No science or mathematics background presumed. Does not meet requirements of physics or astronomy programs. Three hours. Fall, spring and summer.
PHYS	170	Acoustics	3 cr.	Lecture	Physical principles underlying the production, propagation, and perception of sound. Examples of the principles are drawn mostly from the world of musical sound. No mathematical preparation beyond high school algebra is necessary. However, experience playing a musical instrument is required, and knowledge of musical scales is recommended. Three hours. Spring.
PHYS	200	Essential Physics	4 cr.	Lecture	A one-semester algebra-based physics course providing elements necessary for a basic understanding of physics. Topics covered may include kinematics in two dimensions, forces and Newton’s Laws of Motion, work and energy, torques, impulse and momentum, fluid flow, electric forces and electric fields, electric potential energy and the electric potential, electric circuits, magnetic forces and magnetic fields, and some aspects of modern physics. Students will also be instructed in the analytical approach to problem solving that is useful in all disciplines. A good knowledge of high-school algebra and trigonometry is required. Credit is not allowed for both PHYS 200/201 or PHYS 200/202. Four hours. Co-requisite: PHYS 200L.
PHYS	200L	Essential Physics Lab	0 cr.	Laboratory	Experiments demonstrating principles and applications of the material introduced in lecture. Two hours biweekly. Co-requisite: PHYS 200.
PHYS	201	Physics for the Life Sciences I	3 cr.	Lecture	First of a two-semester algebra-based and problem-oriented introductory physics sequence. Topics normally covered are drawn from Newtonian mechanics in two dimensions and include velocity and acceleration, Newton’s laws and energy for linear and rotational motion, simple harmonic motion and fluids. Time permitting, heat and thermodynamics may be included. A good base of high-school algebra and trigonometry is assumed. Meets requirements of the Pre-Medical and Health Professions Program. Does not meet requirements of physics or engineering programs. Credit is not allowed for both PHYS 200/201. Three hours. Co-requisite: PHYS 201R.
PHYS	201	Physics for the Life Sciences I	3 cr.	Online	First of a two-semester algebra-based and problem-oriented introductory physics sequence. Topics normally covered are drawn from Newtonian mechanics in two dimensions and include velocity and acceleration, Newton’s laws and energy for linear and rotational motion, simple harmonic motion and fluids. Time permitting, heat and thermodynamics may be included. A good base of high-school algebra and trigonometry is assumed. Meets requirements of the Pre-Medical and Health Professions Program. Does not meet requirements of physics or engineering programs. Credit is not allowed for both PHYS 200/201. Three hours. Co-requisite: PHYS 201R.
PHYS	201	Physics for the Life Sciences I	3 cr.	Hybrid Course	First of a two-semester algebra-based and problem-oriented introductory physics sequence. Topics normally covered are drawn from Newtonian mechanics in two dimensions and include velocity and acceleration, Newton’s laws and energy for linear and rotational motion, simple harmonic motion and fluids. Time permitting, heat and thermodynamics may be included. A good base of high-school algebra and trigonometry is assumed. Meets requirements of the Pre-Medical and Health Professions Program. Does not meet requirements of physics or engineering programs. Credit is not allowed for both PHYS 200/201. Three hours. Co-requisite: PHYS 201R.
PHYS	201L	Physics for the Life Sciences I Lab	1 cr.	Laboratory	Experiments demonstrating principles and applications of Newtonian mechanics, including kinematics, friction, force, energy, momentum, torque and simple harmonic motion. Students learn measurement practices and digital data analysis. Two hours. Pre-requisite: C or better in PHYS 201 (can be taken concurrently).
PHYS	201R	Physics for the Life Sciences I Recitation	0 cr.	Online	Problem session supporting the material introduced in the associated lecture. May be used as an additional hour of lecture by instructors using an integrated approach to problem solving. One hour. Co-requisite: PHYS 201.
PHYS	201R	Physics for the Life Sciences I Recitation	0 cr.	Recitation	Problem session supporting the material introduced in the associated lecture. May be used as an additional hour of lecture by instructors using an integrated approach to problem solving. One hour. Co-requisite: PHYS 201.
PHYS	202	Physics for the Life Sciences II	3 cr.	Online	Second of a two-semester algebra-based and problem-oriented introductory physics sequence. Topics normally covered include waves and sound, electricity, magnetism and optics. Time permitting, relativity, atomic and nuclear physics may be included. Meets requirements of the Pre-Medical and Health Professions program. Does not meet requirements of physics or engineering programs. Credit is not allowed for both PHYS 200/202. Three hours. Prerequisite: PHYS 201 with C or better. Offered only spring and summer.
PHYS	202	Physics for the Life Sciences II	3 cr.	Lecture	Second of a two-semester algebra-based and problem-oriented introductory physics sequence. Topics normally covered include waves and sound, electricity, magnetism and optics. Time permitting, relativity, atomic and nuclear physics may be included. Meets requirements of the Pre-Medical and Health Professions program. Does not meet requirements of physics or engineering programs. Credit is not allowed for both PHYS 200/202. Three hours. Prerequisite: PHYS 201 with C or better. Offered only spring and summer.
PHYS	202L	Physics for the Life Sciences II Lab	1 cr.	Laboratory	Experiments demonstrating principles and applications of electromagnetism, including investigations of magnetic and electric fields, electrical circuits and optics. Students learn measurement practices and digital data analysis. Two hours. Pre-requisite: C or better in PHYS 202 (can be taken concurrently) and C or better in PHYS 201L.
PHYS	202R	Physics for the Life Sciences II Recitation	0 cr.	Recitation	Problem session supporting the material introduced in the associated lecture. May be used as an additional hour of lecture by instructors using an integrated approach to problem solving. One hour. Co-requisite: PHYS 202.
PHYS	202R	Physics for the Life Sciences II Recitation	0 cr.	Online	Problem session supporting the material introduced in the associated lecture. May be used as an additional hour of lecture by instructors using an integrated approach to problem solving. One hour. Co-requisite: PHYS 202.
PHYS	211	General Analytical Physics I	3 cr.	Online	First of a two-semester calculus-based and problem-oriented introductory physics sequence. A good algebra and trigonometry background is presumed and methods of using calculus are presented. The approach is strongly quantitative and emphasizes the solving of problems. Topics normally covered are drawn from Newtonian mechanics in two dimensions and include velocity and acceleration, Newton’s laws and energy for linear and rotational motion and oscillatory motion. Time permitting, heat and thermodynamics may be included. Meets requirements of physics, engineering, chemistry, mathematics, forensic science and the Pre-Medical and Health Professions Program. Three hours. Prerequisite: MATH 115 (can be taken concurrently). Co-requisite: PHYS 211R.
PHYS	211	General Analytical Physics I	3 cr.	Lecture	First of a two-semester calculus-based and problem-oriented introductory physics sequence. A good algebra and trigonometry background is presumed and methods of using calculus are presented. The approach is strongly quantitative and emphasizes the solving of problems. Topics normally covered are drawn from Newtonian mechanics in two dimensions and include velocity and acceleration, Newton’s laws and energy for linear and rotational motion and oscillatory motion. Time permitting, heat and thermodynamics may be included. Meets requirements of physics, engineering, chemistry, mathematics, forensic science and the Pre-Medical and Health Professions Program. Three hours. Prerequisite: MATH 115 (can be taken concurrently). Co-requisite: PHYS 211R.
PHYS	211L	General Analytical Physics I Lab	1 cr.	Laboratory	Experiments demonstrating principles and applications of Newtonian mechanics, including kinematics, friction, force, energy, momentum, torque and simple harmonic motion. Students learn measurement practices, digital data analysis and error analysis. Two hours. Pre-requisite: C or better in PHYS 211 (can be taken concurrently).
PHYS	211R	General Analytical Physics I Recitation	0 cr.	Recitation	Problem session supporting the material introduced in the associated lecture. May be used as additional time for lecture by instructors using an integrated approach to problem solving. Two hours. Co-requisite: PHYS 211.
PHYS	211R	General Analytical Physics I Recitation	0 cr.	Online	Problem session supporting the material introduced in the associated lecture. May be used as additional time for lecture by instructors using an integrated approach to problem solving. Two hours. Co-requisite: PHYS 211.
PHYS	212	General Analytical Physics II	3 cr.	Lecture	Second of a two-semester calculus-based and problem-oriented introductory physics sequence. The approach is strongly quantitative and emphasizes the solving of problems. Topics normally covered are drawn from electromagnetism and include electrostatic field, potential and energy, electric circuits, magnetostatics, and electromagnetic induction. Time permitting, wave motion, electromagnetic waves and optics may be included. Meets requirements of physics, engineering, chemistry, mathematics, forensic science and the Pre-Medical Professions Program. Three hours. Prerequisite: MATH 116 (can be taken concurrently) and C or better in PHYS 211. Co-requisite: PHYS 212R. Spring and summer.
PHYS	212	General Analytical Physics II	3 cr.	Online	Second of a two-semester calculus-based and problem-oriented introductory physics sequence. The approach is strongly quantitative and emphasizes the solving of problems. Topics normally covered are drawn from electromagnetism and include electrostatic field, potential and energy, electric circuits, magnetostatics, and electromagnetic induction. Time permitting, wave motion, electromagnetic waves and optics may be included. Meets requirements of physics, engineering, chemistry, mathematics, forensic science and the Pre-Medical Professions Program. Three hours. Prerequisite: MATH 116 (can be taken concurrently) and C or better in PHYS 211. Co-requisite: PHYS 212R. Spring and summer.
PHYS	212L	General Analytical Physics II Lab	1 cr.	Laboratory	Experiments demonstrating principles and applications of electromagnetism, including investigations of magnetic and electric fields, and electrical circuits. Students learn measurement practices, digital data analysis, and error analysis. Two hours. Pre-requisite: C or better in PHYS 212 (can be taken concurrently) and C or better in PHYS 211L.
PHYS	212R	General Analytical Physics II Recitation	0 cr.	Recitation	Problem session supporting the material introduced in the associated lecture. May be used as additional time for lecture by instructors using an integrated approach to problem solving. Two hours. Co-requisite: PHYS 212.
PHYS	212R	General Analytical Physics II Recitation	0 cr.	Online	Problem session supporting the material introduced in the associated lecture. May be used as additional time for lecture by instructors using an integrated approach to problem solving. Two hours. Co-requisite: PHYS 212.
PHYS	221	Physics I-Classical Mechanics	4 cr.	Lecture	The physics of motion of material particles at an introductory level for students majoring in physics. Topics are drawn from Newtonian mechanics and include velocity and acceleration on the plane, forces of contact, strings, springs and gravity, Newton’s laws, energy, momentum and collisions, circular motion, rotational motion of rigid objects, angular momentum, oscillatory motion and basic fluid mechanics. The approach emphasizes foundational knowledge, critical thinking, mathematical skill and independent learning, in preparation for subsequent study in physics. While a strong command of algebra and trigonometry is presumed, elements of calculus are introduced as relevant. Prerequisite: MATH 115 Calculus 1 (can be taken concurrently). Offered only in the fall.
PHYS	221L	Physics I Lab	1 cr.	Laboratory	Experiments demonstrating principles and applications of Newtonian mechanics, including kinematics, friction, force, energy, momentum, torque and simple harmonic motion. Students learn measurement practices, digital data analysis and error analysis. Prerequisite: PHYS 221with a grade of C (can be taken concurrently). Two hours. Fall.
PHYS	300	Advanced Physics Topics	3 cr.	Lecture	Topics of interest in physics beyond the freshman level. Content varies with instructor and contemporary interest. Specific content is announced in the offering semester. Prerequisites: MATH 116, PHYS 212 and instructor’s permission. Offered infrequently.
PHYS	302	Optics	3 cr.	Lecture	Modern and classical optics at an intermediate level. Ray optics is introduced first, with applications of reflection and refraction ranging from spherical surfaces to optical instrumentation. Topics in wave optics include wave motion and superposition, Fresnel equations, interference and interferometry, Fraunhoffer and Fresnel diffraction. Time permitting, elements of Fourier optics or other selected advanced topics may be included. Three hours of lecture and three hours of problems. Prerequisites: MATH 116 and C or better in PHYS 212.
PHYS	312	Optics Lab	1 cr.	Laboratory	Laboratory demonstrating optical principles and applications. Experiments may vary, ranging from basic single optical component set-ups to multicomponent set-ups, basic and advanced interferometry, polarization and holography. Three hours. Prerequisites: PHYS 302 (can be taken concurrently) and C or better in PHYS 212L.
PHYS	332	Electronics	3 cr.	Lecture/Lab	An introduction to the fundamental principles of analog and digital circuit analysis and design: direct current circuits and alternating current circuits containing passive and active discrete components (e.g. resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transformers, transistors, etc.), semiconductor devices (e.g. diodes), integrated components (e.g. operational amplifiers), and non-linear circuits. Standard testing equipment (e.g., multimeter, function generator, oscilloscope, etc.) and industry-standard circuit simulation software are integrated into a practical laboratory setting. Two hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory. Prerequisites: MATH 116 and C or better in PHYS 212 and in PHYS 212L.
PHYS	340	Undergraduate Research	1 cr.	Research	Opportunity for selected students to participate in the research projects of physics faculty members. Projects may be of experimental, computational or theoretical nature. Duties and expectations vary and must be discussed with faculty mentor prior to registration. Faculty mentor's approval required in order to register. Pass/Fail only. Fall, Spring and Summer.
PHYS	341	Internship	0 TO 1 cr.	Internship	Students complete an internship in a physics-infused professional environment, including local technology businesses, nationally funded facilities (national labs, NASA, etc), research experiences at other universities, or international research sites. While the work may be performed in campus, the responsibilities must be determined and monitored by the external organization. The internship must be reviewed and approved by the physics department. Pass/Fail only. Fall, spring and summer. Capstone Experience, Experiential Learning
PHYS	350	Mathematical Methods in Physics	3 cr.	Lecture	A variety of theoretical methods that are useful for general problem-solving in advanced science and engineering courses: complex numbers and functions of a complex variable, Fourier series and transforms, Laplace transforms, Legendre, Laguerre and Hermite polynomials, calculus of variations, special functions and tensor analysis or other content as determined appropriate in support of upper level physics coursework. Three hours of lecture and up to three hours of problems. Prerequisites: MATH 215, MATH 310 (can be taken concurrently) and MATH 314 (can be taken concurrently).
PHYS	364	Modern Physics Lab	1 cr.	Laboratory	Experiments demonstrating principles and applications of quantum physics or advanced experimental skills. Students have the opportunity to reproduce historically crucial experiments such as the photoelectric effect and the Franck-Hertz experiment, and to experiment with nuclear decay, superconductivity and pulsed nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectrometry. Techniques in computer control and data acquisition are used. Three hours in lab and minimum of two hours of independent work. Prerequisites: C or better in PHYS 374 (can be taken concurrently) and C or better in PHYS 312 and PHYS 332. Spring term only.
PHYS	374	Modern Physics	3 cr.	Lecture	Intermediate-level introduction to relativity, quantum physics and statistical mechanics. Topics include: special relativity, Planck spectrum and quantization of light, wave-particle duality, quantization of atomic energy levels, wavefunctions and Schrödinger equation in one and three-dimensions, elementary quantum angular momentum theory, exclusion principle and the periodic table, and elements of classical and quantum statistical mechanics. Select developments in nuclear physics, condensed-matter physics, and elementary-particle physics may be included, time permitting. Three hours. Prerequisites: PHYS 302 Optics with C or better and MATH 215 Calculus 3.
PHYS	401	Thermal Physics	3 cr.	Lecture	Fundamental principles of thermodynamics, kinetic theory and statistical mechanics at the advanced level. Topics generally included are the ideal gas, equipartition of energy, work and heat, heat capacities, latent heat and enthalpy, the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics, entropy, the Carnot cycle, the Helmholtz and Gibbs free energies, phase transformations, the Clausius Clapeyron equation, Boltzmann statistics, the Maxwell speed distribution, the Gibbs factor, bosons and fermions, the Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein distributions, white dwarf stars and neutron stars, blackbody radiation and the Planck spectrum, and the cosmic microwave background radiation. Three hours of lecture and up to two hours of problems. Pre-requisites: C or better in PHYS 374 and MATH 215.
PHYS	404	Solid State Physics	3 cr.	Lecture	Bulk and nanoscale properties of solid state materials are surveyed from macroscopic as well as microscopic perspectives. Topics include chemical bonding, crystal structures, mechanical and thermal properties of lattices, electronic properties of metals, semiconductors, magnetic materials, superconductors and nanostructures. Prerequisites: PHYS 374 with C or better.
PHYS	405	Gravitational Astrophysics	3 cr.	Lecture	Natural phenomena where gravity plays the dominant role: stellar evolution, stability of galaxies, black holes, gravitational lensing, gravitational waves and the theory of the big bang. Includes a basic primer on gravitation in the weak and strong regimes. Three hours of lecture. Prerequisites: C in PHYS 302 Optics, B in PHYS 374 Modern Physics and C in MATH 215 Calculus 3.
PHYS	407	Graduate Record Examination Preparation	1 cr.	Lecture	Test-taking strategies to prepare candidates for the GRE Physics Subject test. Attendance required for a passing grade. Prerequisites: B or better in PHYS 374 Modern Physics and B or better in MATH 215 Calculus 3. One hour of lecture.
PHYS	461	Mechanics	4 cr.	Lecture	Advanced-level classical mechanics of single and multi-particle systems in three dimensions. Topics include 3-dimensional kinematics, motion with drag, conservative forces, potential energies, work and energy theorems, central forces, inverse-square law and Kepler’s problem, damped and driven oscillations, constrained motion, Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalisms, coupled oscillations. Rigid body mechanics included if time permits. Four hours of lecture and three hours of problems. Prerequisites: PHYS 212 with C or better, MATH 215, MATH 210 (or MATH 310), MATH 314 and junior status.
PHYS	464	Advanced Laboratory	2 cr.	Lecture/Lab	Students design and conduct experiments in contemporary physics. They learn to build equipment and use advanced laboratory techniques, such as high-speed single-event counting, coincidence detection, lock-in amplifiers, vacuum and cryogenic sample techniques. The experiments are computer controlled and advanced data analysis techniques are used. Experiments may include single-photon counting, cosmic ray muon coincidence detection, pulsed NMR spectroscopy, and superconductivity measurement. Two 3-hour blocks per week divided as needed between lecture and laboratory. Prerequisites: C or better in PHYS 312, PHYS 332 and PHYS 374. Spring.
PHYS	470	Electricity and Magnetism	3 cr.	Lecture	Static electric and magnetic fields at the advanced level. Topics include electrostatic fields of point charges and continuous charge distributions, Gauss’ law, electrostatic potential, conductors, methods for Laplace’s equation including images, separation of variables and multipole expansions, electric polarization, magnetostatic fields, Ampere’s law and magnetization. Review of vector calculus included as needed. Electromagnetic induction introduced as time permits. Three hours of lecture and up to 3 hours of problems. Prerequisites: C or better in PHYS 212 and in PHYS 212L, MATH 215, MATH 314 and junior status.
PHYS	473	Electrodynamics	3 cr.	Lecture	Time-dependent electromagnetic fields at the advanced level. Topics include Maxwell's equations, conservation laws, electromagnetic waves, potential formulation of electromagnetism, multipole radiation. The relativistic formalism is introduced as time permits. Three hours of lecture and up to three hours of problems. Prerequisites: C or better in PHYS 470 and in PHYS 302.
PHYS	474	Quantum Mechanics	3 cr.	Lecture	Undergraduate introduction to the formalism of modern quantum theory. The course begins with a discussion of two-level systems to introduce the concepts of Hilbert space and Dirac notation. Fundamentals of quantum probability and measurement are introduced through the matrix representation. Schroedinger wave mechanics are reviewed in the context of Hilbert spaces and applied to one-dimensional systems. Other course content includes the harmonic oscillator, angular momentum, spin, and the hydrogen atom. Three hours of lecture and up to three hours of problems. Prerequisites: PHYS 374 with C or better, MATH 210 (or MATH 310) and MATH 314.
PHYS	475	Advanced Quantum Mechanics	3 cr.	Lecture	Quantum theory at the advanced undergraduate level. Course topics include time-independent and time-dependent perturbation theory, addition of angular momentum, hyperfine structure of the hydrogen atom, and identical particles. Time permitting, additional topics may be covered including quantum information and computing, basic atomic theory, scattering, and periodic potentials. Three hours. Prerequisites: PHYS 474 with B- or better.
PHYS	482W	Particle Physics	3 cr.	Lecture	This course introduces elements of nuclear structure, as well as the discoveries and ideas of modern elementary particle physics. The material covered is partly cultural and historical. The course normally starts with a review of special relativity with emphasis on particle collisions. Topics are drawn from the standard model and may include the Dirac equation; the charge-independent nuclear interaction; the four fundamental forces in nature; the properties of baryons; mesons, and leptons; the quark structure of hadrons, including flavor and color labels, asymptotic freedom and infrared slavery; parity violation in the weak interactions and other symmetries obeyed or violated in the various interactions; the electroweak theory. The focus of the class may vary between applied topics including radioprotection and nucleosynthesis, or theoretical topics including unification, supersymmetry and string theory. Three hours. Prerequisites: PHYS 374 with B or better and MATH 210 (or MATH 310).
PHYS	487	Problems in Physics	1 cr.	Independent Study	Special topics and problems beyond those covered in regular physics coursework. Must be enrolled in the physics major. Prior arrangement with individual physics faculty is required. Prerequisites: B or better in PHYS 374, B or better in MATH 215, and instructor's permission.
PHYS	491	Introductory Materials Science I	3 cr.	Lecture	The main topics covered are atomic bonding, crystalline structure, diffusion, mechanical behavior, thermal behavior, failure analysis and prevention, phase diagrams and kinetics. The course is an accurate description of the balance between scientific principles and practical engineering that is required in selecting the proper materials for modern technology. Three hours. Prerequisite: PHYS 374 with C or better and MATH 215.
PHYS	499W	Senior Research	2 cr.	Thesis	Undergraduate research experience under the guidance of a faculty mentor, culminating in a senior thesis. A public oral presentation or poster is a requirement for a passing grade. Prerequisite: senior status in the physics major.
SPRG	102	Exploring Science Seminar	1 cr.	Lecture	First year students who are exploring their science options will meet once a week to discuss what it means to be a science student, how to make the most of your college experience, find summer internships and explore potential career pathways. The course will be taught by an experienced faculty member and feature guest speakers from each science department, alumni, and career services.
SPRG	104	Internship	0 TO 6 cr.	Internship
SPRG	107	The History of Science and the Influence of Religion	3 cr.	Other	Modern science emerged from Europe at the time of the reformation as one of the most powerful tools for gaining new knowledge. A roughly chronological development of science from early Roman technology, to Galileo, on to Einstein, and to contemporary scientists focuses on the key discoveries and the positive and negative influences on and from religion. The course is a summer, study abroad course satisfying the BSNES core "Science and Society" requirement and, if approved, will count as a university core "Faith and Reason Theme Area Core Course". The course is limited to sophomore, junior, and senior students. Some preparatory classes are held in the spring with the first two weeks after graduation being devoted to traveling to museums and exhibits in Italy, Germany, and Switzerland.
SPRG	108	Science in Service of Society	0 TO 1 cr.	Seminar	This seminar course explores the interrelationship of science, social engagement, and service leadership action projects. Integrating science content and career development with undergraduate research opportunities and student-faculty partnerships, this course provides the reflective and civically-focused framework that enable sustainable connections between Duquesne University and the Greater Pittsburgh community. Students may initiate their own approved projects to match individual interest and skills; professors may include service action project learning experiences within the context of existing courses; or the Service Learning Facilitator will provide several community-based projects in the same semester as the seminar. Fulfills the university service learning requirement. Pass/Fail.
SPRG	109	Physical Science	3 cr.	Online	Through lecture and classroom demonstration, students investigate the fundamental notions of the physical sciences. Topics include chemical properties of matter, energy and interactions between matter and energy, forces and motion, heat, electricity, magnetism, sound, and light. This course introduces students to the analytical processes of the scientific method and also helps them recognize applications to the chemistry and physics involved in everyday life. Three hours.
SPRG	109	Physical Science	3 cr.	Lecture	Through lecture and classroom demonstration, students investigate the fundamental notions of the physical sciences. Topics include chemical properties of matter, energy and interactions between matter and energy, forces and motion, heat, electricity, magnetism, sound, and light. This course introduces students to the analytical processes of the scientific method and also helps them recognize applications to the chemistry and physics involved in everyday life. Three hours.